Final AP Flashcards

14625378614	Developmental	Embryology	0
14625384830	11 organ systems	integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine(secretes in circulatory system), cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive	1
14625391925	Pancreas	(endocrine & exocrine gland) located in the abdomen close to the stomach. Endo- releases insulin & glucagon	2
14625396671	lymphatic system functions	defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream	3
14625401863	positive feedback	Continuous stimulation: child birth & bleeding	4
14625418363	Review Regions, muscular system, bones,		5
14625422677	Proximal	toward the body	6
14625425785	distal	away from the point of attachment	7
14625439226	dorsal body cavity	includes the cranial (brain)and spinal cavities.	8
14625448576	Anterior	Vental	9
14625449245	Posterior	Dorsal	10
14625452143	Parietal layer	lines cavity	11
14625453639	Visceral layer	covers external surface of organs	12
14625461470	ingiunal	iliac	13
14625464600	epigastric region	stomach, gallblader*	14
14625471447	electromagnetic energy	The energy of light and other forms of radiation.	15
14625473891	edothermic	chemical reaction that take in thermal energy	16
14625474637	Exothermic	Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat	17
14625475533	Lesser Elements of the Human Body	calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine*, iron	18
14625476566	Major elements	oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen	19
14625480256	Alpha	doesn't go through flesh	20
14625481388	beta	goes through flesh, not aluminum	21
14625483004	gamma rays	stopped by lead	22
14625491227	Cytosol	liquid portion of cytoplasm	23
14625494840	cytoplasm	cytosol and organelles	24
14625503139	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	25
14625506456	polar	dipole; having a pair of equal and opposite charges	26
14625509637	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	27
14625514596	CO2+H2O	carbonic acid	28
14625518916	Acidosis	decreases in blood PH, speed up	29
14625522897	Alkalosis	The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids.	30
14625525439	dehydration synthesis	Remove water to connect two monomers together to store energy,ANABOLIC SYNTHESIS	31
14625531446	Catabolic	break down, adding water	32
14625535728	Unsaturated fatty acid	has double bond, able to break down	33
14625538377	Nucleus	Chromosone and. genes	34
14625544947	study structure of cell		35
14625551019	DNA transcribed to	mRNA always begins with the sequence	36
14625554451	mRNA (messenger RNA)	translated protein	37
14625558505	tRNA (transfer RNA)	The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein)	38
14625565044	Hydrophilic	water loving, Plasma membrane: channel protein*	39
14625578553	active processes	Energy (ATP) required Occurs only in living cell membranes; going against concentrations gradient	40
14625584747	primary active transport	Active transport in which ATP is hydrolyzed, yielding the energy required to transport an ion or molecule against its concentration gradient.	41
14625588155	secondary active transport	Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport .(piggy back a ride)	42
14625593378	vesicular transport	endocytosis and exocytosis phagocytosis	43
14625597347	Pinocytosis	Cell drinking	44
14625601908	hydrostatic pressure	The pressure of water against the walls of its container or membrane	45
14625606764	osmotic pressure	tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis	46
14625613071	Depolarization	The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.	47
14625615676	Hyponatrium	excess water dilutes and therefore decreases the sodium levels in the blood	48
14625624424	Hypertonic	0.9%	49
14625625735	hypotonic solution*	Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water	50
14625635997	Interphase	G1, S(duplicates DNA), and G2 phases	51
14625637307	Mitosis	PMAT	52
14625645324	connective tissue	(MOST ABUNDENT TISSUE)A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts	53
14625650766	gap juctions	communication	54
14625651668	tight junctions	seal cells together	55
14625656400	ACh	neurotransmitter involved in memory and movement - too little is associated with Alzheimer's	56
14625662495	Polarity	top, bottom-basalt	57
14625666606	Desmosomes	bind cells together	58
14625667592	Hemidesmosomes	attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane	59
14625673310	endocrine	secreting internally	60
14625673311	exocrine glands	secretes externally	61
14625675593	Mode of secretion	merocrine(sweat,pancreas), holocrine, apocrine	62
14625677315	connective tissue	cartilage, blood, fat?, bone, connective tissue proper	63
14625686709	hematopoetic tissue	gives rise to blood	64
14625701138	layers of epidermis	stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale	65
14625702652	Meissner's corpuscles	sensitive touch receptors in the dermis	66
14625704142	friction ridges	fingerprints	67
14625704865	dermal papillae	a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)	68
14625707602	reticular layer	Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients	69
14625714461	vitiligo	white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders	70
14625716693	strait	stretch marks, dermal layer of skin tear	71
14625717549	Burns	1st(epidermis), 2nd(+dermis) and 3rd(++hypodermis) degree burns. Tissue damage cause by extreme heat.	72
14625727593	Six functions of the skin	Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, regulation, sensation	73
14625739277	Keratinocytes	The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.	74
14625740711	blood reservoir	up to 5% of body's blood volume	75
14625742139	Eumelanin	Produces brown to black pigments in the hair	76
14625743052	Pheomelanin	reddish-yellow pigment	77
14625744647	Carotene	yellow-orange pigment	78
14625744648	Hemoglobin	pinkish hue lower levels of melanin, Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells	79
14625752434	eecrine glands	body temp	80
14625754282	ceruminous glands	modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)	81
14625756351	Melanoma	most dangerous, ABCDE, black tumor	82
14625759987	Rule 9	dehydration, main concern of burn	83
14625766054	Muscle System	transportation	84
14625766921	skeletal system	levers	85
14625768228	hyaline cartilage	Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose	86
14625771980	Fibrocartilage	greater tonsil strength	87
14625772574	206 bones	axial: skull,vertabrae, rids appendicular: limbs& griddles	88
14625783608	osteoclasts(resorb?) and osteoblasts	After bones form, __________ and __________ continually remodel them.	89
14625786525	osteiod	organic matrix of bone	90
14625794053	compact bone	every 10 yrs:Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone	91
14625808980	Rickets	Vitamin D deficiency, bowed legged in children	92
14625814207	Vomer	forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum	93
14625817178	kyphosis	hunchback	94
14625817179	lordosis	swayback, pregnant woman	95
14625819553	spondyolisthesis	forward slipping of one vertebra over another	96
14625823396	colles	near the wrist at distal end of the radius	97
14625826671	pottes fracture	tarsals(remember pedal)	98
14625836094	fibular	non weight bearing	99
14625839993	Facsia	a thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ	100
14625841857	structure of joints	fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial	101
14625844822	interosseous	between bones	102
14625846390	sytharthroses, diatheses, amphithroses?	movements	103
14625851124	synovial joints	freely movable joints	104
14625857604	sarco	flesh	105
14625860338	insertion	moves towards orgin	106
14625863148	Elasticity	recoil(muscle)	107
14625873301	Troponin	regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium(heart attacks?)	108
14625896771	EPOC	payback?, post exercise oxygen consumption	109
14625909538	Isometric contractions	yoga	110
14625911691	prime mover (agonist)	produces movement	111
14625914244	convergent fascicle arrangement	pectoralis major	112
14625915928	1st class lever system	head up	113
14625915929	2nd class lever system	tip toes	114
14625917918	3rd class lever		115
14625919041	facial movement muscles		116
14625927721	radial nerve	Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.	117
14625928615	ulnar nerve	Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.	118
14625929534	insular?		119
14625932411	special senses include	smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium	120
14625933610	hematropic?		121
14634602915	Foramen	an opening or a hole in a bone which blood vessels, nerves, ligaments pass through	122
14634606285	mandible	single. unpaired. bone in human skull	123
14634609352	occipital bone type	flat bone	124
14634611685	temporal bone. articulates w	mandible	125
14634614588	true ribs	first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum	126
14634617676	kyphosis	hunchback	127
14634618553	herniated disc (slipped disc)	protrusion of the nucleus pulpous posteriorly. into one of the adjacent veritable buddies in the veritable canal	128
14634624883	sphenoid bone	forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit, contains the pituitary gland	129
14634634316	Humerus	articulates w the scapula at the glenoid cavity	130
14634637037	glenohumeral joint	The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder, humerus and scapula	131
14634645119	pubic symphysis	the coxal bones unite anteriorly at the joint called the	132
14634650123	obturator foramen	largest foramen in the skeleton	133
14634654328	halluax	big toe	134
14634655496	fibrocartilage location	intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of KNEE joint	135
14634660759	hydroxiapatite	component of bone that contributes to its hardness	136
14634663943	Osteomalacia	Vitamin D deficiency in adults	137
14634668921	atlas occipital condyles	nods yes, C1	138
14634674807	dens on the axis	C2, shakes no	139
14634690767	the opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by	-ACh attachment -calcium influx into the motor neuron -sodium influx into the motor neuron -acetycholinesterease activity	140
14634704560	Epimysium	outermost layer surrounding the muscle	141
14634706375	anaerobic cellular respiration	the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen(15 sec-1 minute?)	142
14634710139	intercalated discs	Attachment sites between the transverse lines between CARDIAC muscle cells	143
14634713223	concentric	muscle shortens (pull up)	144
14634715736	Eecentric contraction	muscle lengthens	145
14634726420	First class lever system	nods yes	146
14634770537	fixator	stabilizes the origin of a prime mover(agonist)	147
14634774276	external intercostals	elevates ribs during inspiration	148
14634777406	hernia	protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it	149
14634790442	enteric nervous system	The nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls secretion and motility within teh Gi tract, and is linked to the central nervous system.	150
14634795108	diverging circuit	one nerve fiber branches and synapses with several postsynaptic cells	151
14634796530	reverberating circuit	Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing.	152
14634800130	Plasticity	change based on experience	153
14634803708	Aponeurosis	(sheet like extension of epimysium)strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone	154
14634806461	tropomyosin	in a resting muscle cell, myosin-binding sites are blocked by	155
14634810313	sarcoplasmic reticulum	when a muscle cell is at rest, most of the intercellular calcium is stored in	156
14634815535	calcium ions bond with troppin, associated with actin. Binding causes tropomyosin to move into actin grove, causing it to spin		157
14634818102	ATP	what substance must bind to myosin heads in order for them to detach from the thin filaments?	158
14634820872	trap	shrug	159
14634821513	active transport	how does calcium reenter the terminal cisterns after muscle contractions	160
14634828049	fatty acid	major source of fuel after 30min of exercise	161
14634835695	sartorius	longest muscle in the body, aducts and rotates thigh laterally	162
14634845349	Creatine	diving	163
14634849571	third class levers	great speed, but mechanical disadvatage	164
14634852785	depolarizes	An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane.	165
14634857560	flexion	forming a fist	166
14634858888	latissimus dorsi	all developed in swimmers	167
14634872256	Diencephalon	thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus	168