AP World History - Chapter 26 Flashcards

16393191387	Beginning	- Early 1580s, mechanical bells arrived to Macau by the Portuguese and were given to the emperor by Matteo Ricci in attempt to convert people to Christianity - East Asian lands benefitted a lot from long-distance trade, since it brought silver that stimulated the economy and it brought American plant crops	0
16393191388	The Quest for Political Stability	- Ming emperors tried to erase all signs of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty - Revived civil service and promoted Confucian thought	1
16393191389	The Ming Dynasty Ming Government	- 1368-1644 - Hongwu, founder of the Ming dynasty - Made extensive use of Mandarins and placed great trust in eunuchs - Yongle launched series of naval expeditions - 1421 Yongle moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing	2
16393191390	The Great Wall	The Great Wall was the Ming's project to restore	3
16393191391	Ming Decline	- 1520s to 1560s, pirates and smugglers operated along east coast of China - Bad emperors who lived extravagantly and ignored government affairs	4
16393191392	Ming Collapse	- Famine struck in 17th century and peasants revolted - Manchu forces invaded and captured Beijing in 1644	5
16393191393	The Qing Dynasty The Manchus	1644-1911 - Nurhaci 1616-1626 unified Manchu tribes into a centralised state - Manchus got a lot of Chinese support as they earned respect from the scholar-bureaucrats and also because the Ming government was so corrupt - Careful to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity	6
16393191394	Kangxi and His Reign	- Kangxi and Qianlong were good emperors - Kangxi was a Confucian scholar and patronised Confucian schools and academies - Also a conqueror and made a vast Qing empire Qianlong continued expansion	7
16393191395	Qianlong and His Reign	- Marked height of Qing dynasty - Sophisticated and learned man - Imperial treasury bulged so much that sometimes Qianlong cancelled tax collections - Towards the end of his rule, he started giving his duties onto the eunuchs and future emperors started acting this way as well	8
16393191396	The Son of Heaven	- Kowtow - More than mere mortal, had special benefits	9
16393191397	The Scholar-Bureaucrats	- Day-to-day governance of the empire fell to scholar-bureaucrats appointed by the emperor - Rigorous studies	10
16393191398	Civil Service Examinations	- Writing the exams was a gruelling ordeal - Not uncommon to have someone die during the examination	11
16393191399	The Examination System and Chinese Society	- A degree did not ensure government service - By making Confucianism the heart of Chinese education, it ensured that Confucians would govern the state	12
16393191400	The Patriarchal Family Filial Piety	- Filial piety implied not only duties of children to fathers, but emperors as well - Clan-supported education gave poor but promising relatives opportunity to succeed	13
16393191401	Gender Relations	During the Ming and Qing dynasties, patriarchal authorities over females got really tight	14
16393191402	Foot Binding	- Began being popular during this time - Custom and law combined to strengthen patriarchal authority in Chinese families	15
16393191403	Population Growth and Economic Development	Only a small fraction of China's land is suitable for planting	16
16393191404	American Food Crops	- American maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts allowed farmers to take of advantage of unused soil - Population growth	17
16393191405	Foreign Trade	- Chinese imports were relatively few, focused more on silver bullion - After Yongle, Ming government withdrew support for maritime expeditions - While limiting the activities of foreign merchants, policies also discouraged organisation of large-scale commercial ventures by Chinese merchants	18
16393191406	Trade and Migration to Southeast Asia	Chinese merchants prominent in Manila and Dutch colonial capital Batavia	19
16393191407	Government and Technology	- Early Ming times, technological innovation slowed - Imperial armed forces adopted refined and improved forms of gunpowder technology	20
16393191408	Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People Privileged Classes	Besides the emperor and his family, scholar-bureaucrats and gentry was highest position	21
16393191409	Working Classes	- Peasants, workers, and merchants - Biggest class were peasants (most honourable class according to Confucian principles)	22
16393191410	Merchants	Unlike some other European counterparts, Chinese authorities did not adopt policies designed to strengthen both merchants and state by authorising merchants to pursue their efforts aggressively into larger world	23
16393191411	Lower Classes	- Members of the military forces - Slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes (mean people)	24
16393191412	The Confucian Traditions and New Cultural Influences	Provided generous support to Confucianism	25
16393191413	Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction	Song dynasty scholar Zhu Xi, most prominent architect of neo-Confucianism	26
16393191414	Confucian Education	- Hanlin Academy - Yongle Encclopedia - Complete LIbrary of the Four Treasuries	27
16393191415	Popular Novels	- Printing made possible to print books cheaply - The Romance of the Three Kingdoms - The Dream of the REd Chamber Journey to the West - Buddhist monk Xuanzang	28
16393191416	The Return of Christianity to China	Missionaries returned in 16th century to start from scratch, after disappearing due to outbreak of plague and collapse of yuan dynasty in 14th century	29
16393191417	Matteo Ricci	- Most prominent missionaries were Jesuits - Founder of mission to China was italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci - Became popular in Ming court - Was able to speak the language and corrected Chinese calendars - Also prepared maps of the world	30
16393191418	Confucianism and Christianity	- Self ringing bells from the jesuits impressed the Chinese people - Jesuits sought to capture Chinese interest with European science and technology - Had tolerance and flexibility, but still didn't get many converts - Wasn't as popular due to its exclusivity, could only follow Christianity	31
16393191419	End of the Jesuit Mission	- Pope sided with critics and early 18th century ordered missionaries in China to conduct services according to European standards - In response, emperor Kangxi ordered an end to the preaching - Jesuits made China known in European	32
16393191420	The Tokugawa Shogunate	- 12-16th century, a shogun ruled Japan, emperor nothing more than figure head - After 14th century ambitions of shoguns led to constant turmoil, by 16th century Japan was in civil war	33
16393191421	Tokugawa Ieyasu	- In 1600 the last of the chieftains established military government known as the Tokugawa bakufu - Ruled the bakufu as shoguns from 1600 to 1867 - Shogun needed to control the daimyo (territorial lords who ruled most of Japan) - Daimyo had established relationships with European mariners, so had gunpowder	34
16393191422	Control of Daimyo	- Instituted policy of alternate attendance, which enabled shoguns to keep an eye on the daimyo - In effort to prevent European influences from destabilising land, shoguns controlled relations between Japan and outside world	35
16393191423	Control of Foreign Relations	- 1630s issued of edicts restricting Japanese relations with other lands - During 17th century, authorities strictly enforced the policy	36
16393191424	Economic and Social Change	- By ending civil conflict and maintaining stability, Tokugawa shoguns set state for economic growth - Increases of rice yield, cotton, silk, indigo, and sake	37
16393191425	Population Growth	Grew, contraception, late marriage, and abortion played roles in limiting pop growth, principal control measure was infanticide	38
16393191426	Social Change	- Merchants started getting richer, while the daimyo starting losing money - Rice dealers, pawnbrokers, and sake merchants soon controlled more wealth than the ruling elite did	39
16393191427	Neo-Confucianism in Japan	- Promoted neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi - Emphasis on filial piety and loyalty to superiors	40
16393191428	Native Learning	- During 18th century, scholars of native learning scorned neo-Confucianism and even Buddhism as alien cultural imports, emphasised folk tradition and shinto religion instead - Glorified Japan and considered Japanese people superior	41
16393191429	Floating Worlds	- Centres of Tokugawa urban culture were the ukyo, entertainment/pleasure quarters - Beginning early 17th century, two new forms of drama became popular - One was kabuki theatre and bunraku, puppet theater	42
16393191430	Christian Missions	- Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan in 1549 and tried to seek converts, received remarkable success - Tokugawa shoguns restricted European access to Japan largely because of concerns that Christianity might serve as a cultural bridge for alliances between daimyo and European adventurers, which could lead to destabilisation - Buddhist and Confucians not happy with this	43
16393191431	Anti-Christian Campaign	- 1587-1639, ordered halt to Christian missions and made them renounce faith - Christianity then had to survive as a secret underground religion	44
16393191432	Dutch Learning	- After 1639, Dutch merchants trading at Nagasaki became Japan's principal source of info outside of their world - Small scholars learned Dutch and their studies are called Dutch learning - After 1720, lifted ban on foreign books and Dutch learning played significant role in Japanese intellect life - By mid 18th century the Tokugawa shoguns had become really into Dutch learning, and schools of European medicine and Dutch studies flourished in Japan	45