Unit 5 terms AP world history- textbook- Traditions and Encounters Flashcards

12395698581	Reconquista	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	0
12395702332	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	1
12395708405	lateen sails	a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.	2
12395711586	Volta do mar	"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.	3
12395716260	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	4
12395719147	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.	5
12395723302	Vasco de Gama (Portugal)	First European to reach India	6
12395728520	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.	7
12395736802	Fernando and Isabel	the king and queen of Spain, underwrote Columbus's voyage	8
12395740142	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama	9
12395742808	Ferdiniand Magellan	a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth	10
12395750170	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)	11
12395762984	Vitus Bering	Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741)	12
12395766174	James Cook	English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).	13
12395772857	Afonso de Albuquerque	Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control	14
12395783156	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	15
12395786390	VOC	united east India company	16
12395803280	Seven Years War	(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.	17
12395806574	Smallpox	A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.	18
12901832149	95 Theses	Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.	19
12901834201	John Calvin	1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.	20
12901836260	Indulgence	a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin	21
12901837504	Henry VIII	English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)	22
12901839916	Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	23
12901840935	Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.	24
12901842699	Council of Trent	A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.	25
12901846421	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	26
12901849791	St. Ignatius of Loyola	Founder of the Jesuits	27
12901852011	Huguenots	French Calvinists	28
12901854108	30 years war	(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire	29
12901856183	Charles V	This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation	30
12901857061	James I	The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625	31
12901859911	charles i	English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell	32
12901888177	charles ii	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism	33
12901889769	James II (1685-1688)	-became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule	34
12901898610	Oliver Cromwell	English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)	35
12901900037	Petition of Right	Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land	36
12901901247	Spanish Inquisition	An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.	37
12901903293	louis xvi	King of France during the French Revolution	38
12908473392	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	39
12908476276	dutch republic	declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.	40
12908481868	william and mary	King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.	41
12908521440	Divine Right	Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	42
12908521441	Romanovs	Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.	43
12908526196	Peter I	Peter the great was a czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government	44
12908544296	Catherine II	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	45
12908547657	Capitolism	a type of economic system in which goods are owned by private citizens	46
12908547658	adam smith	Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.	47
12908550778	putting-out system	system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England	48
12908553346	Nicholas Copernicus	He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles	49
12908558310	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	50
12908562027	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	51
12908566957	isaac newton	Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	52
12908570349	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	53
12908573943	John Locke	17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.	54
12908577884	thomas hobbes	believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority	55
12908581742	Voltaire	French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.	56
12908587243	Baron de Montesquieu	believed government should have separation of powers	57
12908589414	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	58
12908591947	Hernando Cortez Spain	Defeated the Aztec in Mexico.	59
12908594683	Fransisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	60
12908599534	Conquistadores	Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.	61
12908608031	Montecuzoma II	Aztec emperor and was captured by Hernan Cortes	62
12908611070	viceroys	representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire	63
12908617071	Treaty of Tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	64
12908619570	metis	People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent	65
12908622269	Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion	natives part of society: natives not part of society	66
12908624770	mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	67
12908628579	Mulattoes	People of African and European descent	68
12908630600	Zambos	People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.	69
12908638315	virgin of guadalupe	Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.	70
12908642634	Kingdom of Ghana	West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade.	71
12908648466	Songhay Empire	A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.	72
12908650655	Sunni Ali	created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire	73
12908658302	Kingdom of Kongo	conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders	74
12908667530	Ndongo	Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663).	75
12908672118	Hottentots	Derogatory term used by Dutch for native South African hunting and gathering peoples. They are more appropriately known as the Khoikhoi	76
12908691476	Cape Town	colony founded by the Dutch	77
12908696711	Dona Beatriz	the founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land	78
12908705727	Triangle Trade	a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa	79
12908707852	middle passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	80
12908719243	Olaudah Equiano	An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.	81
12908721606	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	82
12908723921	Hongwu	First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage;	83
12908726819	Yongle	Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia.	84
12908729665	Great Wall	a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the Ming dynasty. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km	85
12908745448	Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)	Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.	86
12908752308	Nurhachi	Chinese chieftain that unified many tribes into a single people called Manchus which established the Qing Dynasty.	87
12908755004	manchu	Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.	88
12908757598	kangxi	Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.	89
12908762186	Zhu Xi	(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action	90
12908765417	Neo-Confucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	91
12908768733	Matteo Ricci	Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.	92
12908772805	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences	93
12908776294	shoguns	Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan).	94
12908789037	Sengoku	"Warring States," period in Japan similar to feudal system in Europe	95
12908794750	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai	96
12908794751	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.	97
12908798154	ukiyo	"floating world" (theater and brothel entertainment district)	98
12908812147	Francis Xavier	This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity	99
12908814157	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	100
12908816858	Saravid Empire	The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.	101
12908828517	Mughal Empire	an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.	102
12908834103	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.	103
12908834104	osman	Founder of the Ottoman Empire.	104
12908838788	Ghazi	A warrior for Islam	105
12908842786	Suleyman	Was sultan when the Ottoman Empire was at its height	106
12908845164	ismail	this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire	107
12908851473	Twelver Shiism	A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.	108
12908855238	Battle of Chaldiran	16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis).	109
12908858542	Akbar	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.	110
12908862850	Zahir al-Din Muhammad	also known as "Babur the Tiger", he was a Chagatai Turk who founded the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty.	111
12908866424	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.	112
12908870080	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	113
12908873114	millet system	Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.	114
12908878143	Sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	115
12908882191	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	116