AP Biology UNIT-6 Flashcards

12245562895	DNA Replication	process of copying DNA	0
12245564214	Transformation	A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.	1
12352501014	Hershey and Chase	DNA is the genetic material, not protein; blender experiment.	2
12352513158	T.H. Morgan	genes are on chromosomes(fruit flies); tested whether genes are protein or DNA	3
12352558906	Transforming Factor	The DNA responsible for bacterial transformation.	4
12352577924	Rosalind Franklin	Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA.	5
12352582569	Watson and Crick	Developed the double helix model of DNA.	6
12352586444	Melson and Stahl	Supported models of DNA. (Semi conservative replication)	7
12352622845	Semi Conservative Replication	in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new	8
12352631024	Why does adenine bond with thymine?	Adenine, a purine, and thymine, a pyrimidine, bond with each other because they both have two hydrogen bonds	9
12352634114	Why does guanine bond with cytosine?	Guanine, a purine, bonds with cytosine, a pyrimidine, because they both have three hydrogen bonds	10
12352636221	Purines	Adenine and Guanine	11
12352652231	Pyrimidines	Cytosine and Thymine	12
12352696569	how is bacterial DNA replication accomplished?	Replisome (helicase, topoisomerases and DNA polymerase III) directs bidirectional DNA replication from a single origin of replication.	13
12352745395	Prokaryotes	No nucleus	14
12352747343	Eukaryotes	contain nuclei	15
12352751613	DNA polymerase	Enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule	16
12352779134	DNA is antiparallel	strands run in opposite direction and replication is semiconservative- each strand acts as a parent strand for the new molecules	17
12352804319	Leading Strand	synthesized continuously	18
12352806537	Lagging Strand	The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments	19
12352811607	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase.	20
12352832888	DNA Ligase	enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together	21
12352835925	Primer	a short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication	22
12352852448	Helicase	unwinds DNA	23
12352855215	Single Stranded Binding Protein	Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template.	24
12352916892	Topiosomerase	snips away pieces to loosen DNA strands to release tension	25
12352919462	Primase	synthesizes RNA primer	26
12352925949	DNA polymerase III	- used by prokaryotes - can synthesize a new strand of DNA - read template DNA 3'to5' - synthesize new strand 5'to3'	27
12352939952	DNA Polymerase I	removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA	28
12353031427	Telomeres	the ends of chromosomes; their length decreases with each cell duplication.	29
12353038765	Telomerase	catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells	30
12353044528	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme	31
12353048263	Mismatch Repair	repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing	32
12353160888	Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)	symptoms of an inherited disease that lead to an inability to produce a certain enzyme.	33
12353193342	Bacteria Cell	Lacks nucleus, RNA produced by transcription	34
12353220561	Eukaryotic Cells	The cell provides separate area for transcription.	35
12353229941	Transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	36
12353233222	Translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced	37
12353236302	Replication	Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA	38
12353266703	Beadle and Tatum	one gene dictates the mutations of one enzyme	39
12353343621	Template Strand	the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule	40
12353363371	Codon	In mRNA, a nucleotide base triplet that codes for an amino acid or stop signal during translation	41
12353366914	Anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	42
12353445510	Nirenberg	determined the first match: UUU coded for the amino acid phenylalanine.	43
12353448590	Reading Frame	Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings.	44
12353454761	Prokaryotic Promoter	establishes where RNA synthesis is initiated.	45
12353458371	Prokaryotic Termination	Sequence of Nucleotide, marks end of gene, signals to release newly made RNA from DNA	46
12353505425	Prokaryotic Termination of Transcription	Proceeds through a termination sequence	47
12353559539	Eukaryotic Termination of Transcription	Pre mRNA is cleaved from growing RNA chains while polymerase II continues.	48
12353689031	Why is RNA processing necessary?	RNA processing is necessary to protect message and attach to ribosome	49
12353686446	What does adding a 5' cap and poly A tail mean ?	They fluctuate export of mRNA from nucleus and protect mRNA from degeneration	50
12353707831	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	51
12353711097	tRNA	transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome	52
12353714248	RNA splicing	removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence	53
12353722282	Introns	Noncoding segments of nucleic acid.	54
12353726843	Exons	coding segments of DNA	55
12353732681	Splicesome	1) assembled from snRNPs (snurps) and protein complexes 2) enzyme that carries out RNA splicing; \| 3) removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA (splicing)	56
12353754302	snRPS	short nucleic segments at the end of the intros that signal where it will splice.	57
12353837044	Ribozymes	catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA	58
12353841733	UTR	untranslated region	59
12353848248	Alternative RNA splicing	Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing	60
12353858339	Domains	Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins.	61
12353959735	animoacyl-tRNA synthetase	Joins the correct amino acids and prevents mutations.	62
12353986616	What is a Wobble	Wobble explains why the synonymous codons for a given amino acid can differ in their third base, but usually not in their other bases	63
12354063425	polyribosomes	Strings of ribosomes that work together to translate a RNA message.	64
12354067491	Signal Peptide	A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.	65
12354073622	Mutation	A change in a gene or chromosome.	66
12354075742	Point Mutation	gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed	67
12354078347	Base-Pair Substitution	type of mutation in which a single base pair changes	68
12354082528	Missense	a mutation that changes one amino acid	69
12354084526	Nonsense	codon changed to a stop codon	70
12354089841	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene	71
12354089842	Deletion	removals of nucleotide pairs in a gene	72
12354099015	Frame-shift Mutation	a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides	73
12354102695	Mutagen	A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.	74
12354137306	A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell.		75