AP Biology- Gene Regulation Flashcards
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| 13468575915 | operon | consist of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes that control gene regulation in a common pathway, "on and off" switches | 0 | |
| 13468575916 | repressible operon | operon that is normally on because the repressor is inactive | 1 | |
| 13468575917 | inducible operon | operon that is normally off because the repressor is active | 2 | |
| 13468575918 | structural gene | genes to be expressed | 3 | |
| 13468575919 | operator | a segment of DNA in the promoter region that acts as an on or off "switch" | 4 | |
| 13468575920 | repressor | a protein that binds to the operator to switch the operon off |  | 5 |
| 13468575921 | inducer | inactivates the repressor (turns on the operon) |  | 6 |
| 13468575922 | regulatory gene | codes for the production of the repressor protein and is found upstream of the operon |  | 7 |
| 13468575923 | catabolite activator protein (CAP) | activator of transcription, binds to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) when sugar is scarce which *increases the affinity of RNA polymerase and accelerates transcription of lactose* | 8 | |
| 13468575924 | cellular differentiation | the formation of cells that are specialized in structure and function | 9 | |
| 13468575925 | histone acetylation | the process of acetyl groups attaching to histone tails (opens up chromatin structure) |  | 10 |
| 13468575926 | DNA methylation | adding a methyl group to cytosine bases during replication, associated with inactivation of genes and reduced transcription |  | 11 |
| 13468575927 | activator | a specific protein that binds to an enhancer to stimulate gene transcription | 12 | |
| 13468575928 | transcription factors | some act as repressors by blocking the binding of activators or binding to an enhancer | 13 | |
| 13468575929 | RNA interference | the blocking of gene expression by siRNAs (a technique used to disable the expression of selected genes) | 14 | |
| 13468575930 | RNA polymerase | an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription | 15 | |
| 13468575931 | miRNA | a.k.a. microRNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence | 16 | |
| 13468575932 | siRNA | a.k.a. small interfering RNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence | 17 | |
| 13468575933 | morphogenesis | the cellular and tissue based processes by which an animal body takes shape | 18 | |
| 13468575934 | proto-oncogene | a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene | 19 | |
| 13468575940 | epigenetics | the field of science that studies heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism | 20 | |
| 13468575941 | alternative RNA splicing | produces different mRNA molecules when different segments of the mRNA are chosen as introns or exons | 21 | |
| 13468575942 | chromatin modification | promotes the formation of heterochromatin in certain regions blocking transcription | 22 | |
| 13468575943 | oncogenes | cancer causing cells | 23 | |
| 13468575945 | conformation change | change in shape | 24 | |
| 13468575946 | an example of a repressible operon | trp operon |  | 25 |
| 13468575947 | an example of an inducible operon | lac operon |  | 26 |
| 13468575948 | Jacob & Monod | first to describe the operon system |  | 27 |
| 13468575949 | corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off (ex. tryptophan in trp operon) |  | 28 |
| 13468575950 | What 3 interrelated processes are responsible for embryonic development? | 1.) Cell Division (mitosis); Cell Differentiation; Morphogenesis | 29 |