AP World History Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

14027098377	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
14027098378	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
14027098379	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
14027098380	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
14027098381	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
14027098382	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
14027098383	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
14027098384	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
14027098385	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
14027098386	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
14027098387	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
14027098388	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
14027098389	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
14027098390	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
14027098391	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
14027098392	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
14027098393	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
14027098394	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
14027098395	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
14027098396	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
14027098397	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
14027098398	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
14027098399	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
14027098400	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
14027098401	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
14027098402	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
14027098403	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
14027098404	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
14027098405	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
14027098406	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
14027098407	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
14027098408	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
14027098409	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
14027098410	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
14027098411	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
14027098412	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
14027098413	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
14027098414	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
14027098415	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
14027098416	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
14027098417	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
14027098418	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
14027098419	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
14027098420	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
14027098421	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
14027098422	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
14027098423	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
14027098424	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
14027098425	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
14027098426	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
14027098427	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
14027098428	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
14027098429	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
14027098430	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
14027098431	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
14027098432	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
14027098433	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
14027098434	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
14027098435	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
14027098436	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
14027098437	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
14027098438	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
14027098439	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
14027098440	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
14027098441	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
14027098442	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
14027098443	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
14027098444	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
14027098445	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
14027098446	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
14027098447	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
14027098448	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
14027098449	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
14027098450	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
14027098451	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
14027098452	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
14027098453	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
14027098454	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
14027098455	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
14027098456	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
14027098457	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
14027098458	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
14027098459	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
14027098460	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
14027098461	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
14027098462	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
14027098463	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
14027098464	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
14027098465	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
14027098466	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
14027098467	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
14027098468	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
14027098469	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
14027098470	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
14027098471	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
14027098472	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
14027098473	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
14027098474	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
14027098475	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
14027098476	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
14027098477	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
14027098478	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
14027098479	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
14027098480	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
14027098481	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
14027098482	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
14027098483	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
14027098485	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
14027098499	Silk Road Trade system		108
14027098500	Kingdom of Mali		109
14027098486	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
14027098487	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
14027098488	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
14027098489	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
14027098490	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
14027098491	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
14027098492	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
14027098493	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
14027098501	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
14027098494	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
14027098495	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
14027098496	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
14027098502	Bantu Migrations		122
14027098497	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
14027098498	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124