AP US History Unit 4 Flashcards

9907235109	Francis Scott Key	An American lawyer, author, and amateur poet from Georgetown who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"	0
9907235110	Andrew Jackson	An American statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and is considered the founder of the Democratic Party	1
9907235111	Washington Irving	An American short story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He wrote the story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"	2
9907235112	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States, serving between 1817 and 1825. He was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States and the last president from the Virginian dynasty and the Republican Generation of that time	3
9907235113	James Fennimore Cooper	A prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He wrote numerous sea related stories	4
9907235114	John Marshall	The fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801-1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches.	5
9907235115	John C. Calhoun	An American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States	6
9907235116	John Quincy Adams	An American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He also served as a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives	7
9907235117	Daniel Webster	American statesman who twice served in the United States House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire and Massachusetts, served as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and was twice the United States Secretary of State, under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler and Millard Fillmore	8
9907235118	Henry Clay	An American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams. He also created the American System as an effort to boost American Economy	9
9907235119	War of 1812	Conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent. Neither side won and neither side lost the war	10
9907235120	Treaty of Ghent	This treaty, signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom	11
9907235121	Hartford Convention	A series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government. This would trigger the end of the Federalist Party seeing that they had no power to fix any of the issues they had	12
9907235122	Nationalism	A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries	13
9907235123	Peculiar Institution	This was a euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American South. In simpler terms, it was the system of black slavery in the southern states of the US	14
9907235124	Protective Tariff	A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. This type of tariff was first passed in 1816	15
9907235125	Sectionalism	A tendency to be more concerned with the interests of your particular group or region than with the problems and interests of the larger group, country, etc	16
9907235126	Internal Improvements	A term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements	17
9907235127	American System	This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture	18
9907235128	Second Bank of the Untied States	This bank was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from February 1816 to January 1836	19
9907235129	McCulloch v. Maryland	A landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government	20
9907235130	Tariff of 1816	This tariff is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government	21
9907235131	Cohens v. Virginia	A United States Supreme Court decision most noted for the Court's assertion of its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when the defendant claims that their Constitutional rights have been violated	22
9907235132	Gibbons v. Ogden	A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation	23
9907235133	Bonus Bill of 1817	Legislation proposed by John C. Calhoun to earmark the revenue "bonus", as well as future dividends, from the recently established Second Bank of the United States for an internal improvements fund	24
9907235134	Flectcher v. Peck	A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands	25
9907235135	Virginia Dynasty	The fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia	26
9907235136	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	A landmark decision in United States corporate law from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations. The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the American free enterprise system	27
9907235137	Era of Good Feelings	A period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System	28
9907235138	Treaty of 1818	An international treaty signed in 1818 between those parties. Signed during the presidency of James Monroe, it resolved standing boundary issues between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia	29
9907235139	Panic of 1819	In 1819, the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment	30
9907235140	Florida Purchase Treaty	A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain	31
9907235141	Land Act of 1820	The United States federal law that ended the ability to purchase the United States' public domain lands on a credit or installment system over four years, as previously established	32
9907235142	Monroe Doctrine	The best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the speech warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs	33
9907235143	Tallmadge Amendment	A proposed amendment to a bill requesting the Territory of Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a free state	34
9907235144	Missouri Compromise	A United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri	35
9907235145	Battle of New Orleans	An engagement fought between January 8 and January 18, 1815, constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812, and the most one-sided battle of that war	36
9907235146	Martin Van Buren	An American politician who served as the eighth President of the United States	37
9907235147	Nicholas Biddle	An American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States	38
9907235148	Stephen Austin	An American empresario born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri. Known as the "Father of Texas", and the founder of Texas, he led the second, and ultimately successful, colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825. In addition, he worked with the Mexican government to support emigration from the United States	39
9907235149	William Henry Harrison	The ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the last president born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office.	40
9907235150	Sam Houston	An American politician and soldier, best known for his role in bringing Texas into the United States as a constituent state	41
9907235151	John Tyler	The tenth President of the United States. He was also, briefly, the tenth Vice President, elected to that office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison	42
9907235152	Black Hawk	A band leader and warrior of the Sauk American Indian tribe in what is now the Midwest of the United States	43
9907235153	Denmark Vesey	A literate, skilled carpenter and leader among African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina. He is notable as the accused and convicted ringleader of "the rising," a major potential slave revolt planned for the city in June 1822	44
9907235154	Nullification	In United States constitutional history, this is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional	45
9907235155	Spoils System	The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters	46
9907235156	Wildcat Banks	The practices of banks chartered under state law during the periods of non-federally regulated state banking between 1816 and 1863 in the United States, also known as the Free Banking Era	47
9907235157	Speculation	Activity in which someone buys and sells things (such as stocks or pieces of property) in the hope of making a large profit but with the risk of a large loss	48
9907235158	National Republicans	This party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party, was a political party in the United States. During the administration of John Quincy Adams, the president's supporters were referred to as Adams Men or Anti-Jackson	49
9907235159	Anti-Masonic Party	The first "third party" in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party, and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues	50
9907235160	Twelfth Amendment	The this Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President	51
9907235161	King Mob	A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by conservatives as an insult after he allowed commons into the white house on the night of his inauguration; they created a mob, wrecking china and furniture and causing Jackson to have to sneak out for his safety	52
9907235162	Corrupt Bargain	To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State	53
9907235163	Tariff of Abominations	A protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.	54
9907235164	Tariff of 1832	Enacted on July 13, 1832, this was referred to as a protectionist tariff in the United States. The purpose of this tariff was to act as remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828. Mainly, the protective Tariff of 1828 was created in such a way that it intended to protect the industry in the north	55
9907235165	Trail of Tears	In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. They made the journey on foot and thousands died as a result	56
9907235166	Panic of 1837	A financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time. People credit the shutting down of the National Bank as the trigger for this crisis	57
9907235167	Force Bill	An Act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports. Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson, the Force Bill consisted of eight sections expanding presidential power and was designed to compel the state of South Carolina's compliance with a series of federal tariffs, opposed by John C. Calhoun and other leaders from South Carolina	58
9907235168	Seminole Indians	A Native American people originally of Florida. They comprise three federally recognized tribes and independent groups, most living in Oklahoma with a minority in Florida.	59
9907235169	Whig Party	A political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four Presidents belonged to the Party while in office. It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829-37) and his Democratic Party. In particular, this party supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing	60
9907235170	Indian Removal Act of 1830	This act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy	61
9907235171	Five Civilized Tribes	This term derives from the colonial and early federal period. It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muskogee), and Seminole	62
9907235172	Annexation of Texas	The 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836	63
9907235173	Samuel Slater	An early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the American Factory System." In the UK, he was called "Slater the Traitor" because he brought British textile technology to America, modifying it for United States use	64
9907235174	Cyrus McCormick	An American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of the International Harvester Company in 1901. Although he is credited as the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, he based his work on that of many others, including Roman, Scottish and American men, more than two decades of work by his father, and the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family	65
9907235175	Eli Whitney	An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South	66
9907235176	Robert Fulton	An American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Clermont	67
9907235177	Samuel Morse	An American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age, he contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy	68
9907235178	DeWitt Clinton	An American politician and naturalist who served as a United States Senator and was the sixth Governor of New York. In this last capacity, he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal	69
9907235179	Catharine Beecher	An American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education	70
9907235180	Industrial Revolution	The name given the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, the people of England began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines	71
9907235181	Transportation Revolution	The period where steam power, railroads, canals, roads, and bridges emerged as new forms of transportation	72
9907235182	Erie Canal	A canal in New York that is part of the east-west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo, at Lake Erie	73
9907235183	Nativism	The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants	74
9907235184	Irish Immigration	In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of Ireland emigrated to the United States	75
9907235185	German Immigration	The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants	76
9907235186	Cult of Domesticity	Also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be: More religious than men, pure in heart, mind, and body, submissive to their husbands and stays at home	77
9907235187	Factory System	A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor. The main characteristic of this system is the use of machinery, originally powered by water or steam and later by electricity	78
9907235188	Market Revolution	A term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time	79
9907235189	Interchangeable Parts	Parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting (such as filing)	80
9907235190	Cotton Gin	A machine for separating cotton from its seeds. This machine was invented by Eli Whitney	81
9907235191	Know Nothing Party	Also known as the American Party, was a prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. The American Party originated in 1849. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church	82
9907235192	Dorothea Dix	An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums	83
9907235193	Lucretia Mott	An American Quaker, abolitionist, a women's rights activist, and a social reformer. She helped write the Declaration of Sentiments during the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention	84
9907235194	Horace Mann	An American politician and educational reformer. A Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization, he served in the Massachusetts State legislature. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. He has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement"	85
9907235195	Noah Webster	An American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education"	86
9907235196	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	An American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. She was president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900	87
9907235197	Edgar Allen Poe	An American writer, editor, and literary critic. He is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career	88
9907235198	Susan B. Anthony	An American social reformer and feminist activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17	89
9907235199	Ralph Waldo Emerson	An American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States	90
9907235200	Nathaniel Hawthorne	An American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short story writer. Much of his writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity	91
9907235201	Robert Owen	A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of Utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.	92
9907235202	Henry David Thoreau	An American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist, he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state	93
9907235203	Herman Melville	An American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. His best known works include Typee, a romantic account of his experiences in Polynesian life, and his whaling novel Moby-Dick	94
9907235204	Charles G. Finney	An American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism	95
9907235205	Joseph Smith	An American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon	96
9907235206	John J. Audubon	An American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats	97
9907235207	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	An American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline	98
9907235208	Louisa May Alcott	An American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys	99
9907235209	Gilbert Stuart	An American painter from Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of America's foremost portraitists. His best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished	100
9907235210	Brigham Young	An American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877	101
9907235211	Neal Dow	An American prohibition advocate and politician. Nicknamed the "Napoleon of Temperance" and the "Father of Prohibition"	102
9907235212	Maine Law	1851 law in Maine which prohibited the making and selling of liquor	103
9907235213	Unitarianism	This is historically a Christian theological movement named for the affirmation that God is one entity, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines God as three persons in one being	104
9907235214	Second Great Awakening	A Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.	105
9907235215	Hudson River School	A mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America	106
9907235216	Declaration of Sentiments	Also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, this is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, 100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women	107
9907235217	Transcendentalism	An idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures	108
9907235218	Oneida Community	A religiously centered Utopian commune of about 250 whose members shared all aspects of their lives and work. They referred to their 93,000 square foot residence as their Mansion House.	109
9907235219	Mormons	A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a religion founded in the US in 1830 by Joseph Smith	110