AP Bio Biochem Flashcards

12122318973	hydrogen bonding	interaction between molecules with O, H, N, F, or Cl	0
12122330012	polar	electrons shared unequally (ex water, forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules)	1
12122343813	solid water	ice, moderate density	2
12122347641	liquid water	highest density	3
12122350370	gas water	steam, lowest density	4
12122360609	benefits of polarity	can dissolve polar molecules, immiscible with membranes and other nonpolar structures	5
12122370973	benefits of hydrogen bonds	high boiling point and heat capacity, low density of ice, adhesion and cohesion, surface tension	6
12122380596	dissociation of water	H₂O ⇌ H⁺ ₊ OH⁻ or 2H₂O →H₃O⁺ ₊ OH⁻	7
12122410684	pH	-log[H⁺], <7 = acidic, >7 = basic	8
12122420312	pOH	= -log[OH⁻]	9
12122430208	carbon	makes four covalent bonds in chains, which can be bent, straight, or branched; forms macromolecules	10
12122437563	dehydration synthesis	removing water to link a monomer to a polymer chain, occurs between: - OH and OH in carbohydrates - NH₂ and COOH in proteins - COOH and OH in lipids	11
12122481091	carbohydrates (visual)		12
12122493882	carbohydrate monomer	monosaccharide	13
12122496032	carbohydrate polymer	polysaccharide	14
12122500298	carbohydrate basic formula	CH2O	15
12122504698	carbohydrate bond	glycosidic linkage (covalent bonds)	16
12122512533	carbohydrate functions	- starch: storage in plants (digestable) - cellulose: storage in plants (indigestable) - glycogen: storage in humans (liver)	17
12122533831	fatty acid (visual)		18
12122539437	triglyceride (visual)		19
12122543690	steroid (visual)		20
12122550738	phospholipid (visual)		21
12122556828	lipid monomer	fatty acid	22
12122560874	lipid bond	ester linkage	23
12122564145	fat	glycerol and three fatty acids	24
12122572536	phospholipids	- phosphate group and two fatty acids - aggregate spontaneously in water - form micelles and bilayers with nonpolar, hydrophobic tails inside and polar, hydrophilic heads outside	25
12122599885	steroid	lipid with four fused rings	26
12122603966	cholesterol	type of steroid, helps membranes stay fluid	27
12122611127	lipid functions	store energy, make up cell membranes, hormones	28
12122617756	saturated fat	saturated with hydrogens, all single bonds, compressible	29
12122624114	unsaturated fat	double bonds, not compressible	30
12122633117	nucleic acid (visual)		31
12122640829	nucleic acid monomer	nucleotide	32
12122640830	nucleic acid polymer	polynucleotide	33
12122646169	nucleic acid bond	phosphodiester linkage	34
12122649590	nucleic acid structure	sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base	35
12122670453	nucleic acid types	- ribose - deoxiribose - no O on 2nd carbon (carbons counted from attachment point of nitrogenous base)	36
12122682339	nucleic acid functions	DNA directs RNA synthesis, stores hereditary info RNA directs protein synthesis, codes for cell activities	37
12122707710	protein (visual)		38
12122715310	protein monomer	amino acid (peptide)	39
12122718587	protein polymer	polypeptide	40
12122718588	protein bond	peptide bond	41
12122721136	R group in proteins	differs for each amono acid	42
12122728140	protein function	accelerate chemical reactions, provide structure and support, transport substances, coordinate organism activity (hormones), movement, cell response to stimuli, protect against disease, enzymes shape determines function	43
12122755449	protein structure	determined by amino acid sequence and the way in which it folds due to the environment it's in	44
12122762103	protein primary structure	chain of amino acids with a unique order	45
12122769384	protein secondary structure	alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (folds in peptide chain) held together by hydrogen bonds	46
12122810759	protein tertiary structure	3D folding, overall sructure held together by disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Walls forces	47
12122833568	protein quaternary structure	assembly of tertiary subunits (not in all proteins)	48
12122848339	protein denaturation	when a protein loses its 3D shape due to pH, temp, salinity, etc (environmental factors) - sometimes reversible, sometimes not	49
12122872369	cell membrane	creates food vacuoles, allows intercellular communication, contains identity proteins and Na+/K+ pumps, recycles/reuses cell membrane components	50
12122886852	cell wall	prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environments (not in animals)	51
12122933102	centriole/centrosome	produce spindle fibers during cell division (animals only)	52
12122936577	chloroplasts	light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, near cell membrane (plants only)	53
12122950842	rough ER	recycles/reuses cell membrane components, holds ribosomes, modifies proteins	54
12122965161	smooth ER	manufactures lipids, recycles membrane components	55
12122971237	flagella	cellular motility (not in plants)	56
12122976379	golgi apparatus	modifies and packages proteins into vesicles, peroxisomes, and lysosomes; near ER and membrane for fast transport, reuses cell membrane components	57
12123007844	lysosome	contains digestive enzymes, merges with food vacuole (not in plants)	58
12123020011	mitochondria	aerobic respiration	59
12123027067	nuclear envelope	contains DNA and allows exit of mRNA	60
12123096433	nuclear pore	allows exit of mRNA	61
12123100204	nucleolus	makes ribosomal subunits from proteins, ribosomal mRNA	62
12123123656	peroxisome	contains enzymes that detoxify metabolic waste	63
12123139210	plasmodesmata	allows intercellular communication (plants only)	64
12123148810	ribosome	makes proteins from amino acids	65
12123161928	central vacuole	holds water, materials, and wastes; maintains pressure to provide structure and support (plants only)	66
12123182479	food vacuole	membrane-enclosed food particles in cell	67
12123188935	vesicle	transports proteins from ER to golgi	68
12123192717	SA:V ratio	smaller things have greater SA:V ratio => helpful for interacting with outside world, facilitating cell diffusion, getting nutrients in and wastes out - volume determines energy needs	69
12123221450	semi-permeable	some things can get through, others can't	70
12123225179	fluid mosaic	membrane = constantly moving structure with proteins embedded in it, polar and non-polar pieces	71
12123241254	membrane and membrane protein functions	containment, transport, identity, attachment, signal receiving, chemical reaction sites, attachment to cytoskeleton	72
12123254580	membrane fluidity	lipids held together by hydrophobic interactions, move laterally (fluidity increases as temperature decreases)	73
12123267146	phospholipid bilayer	containment, transport	74
12123271495	glycoproteins	identity, allow for cell-cell recognition	75
12123277181	receptor proteins	receive chemical signals from hormones etc	76
12123326244	channel proteins	allow certain molecules to pass through membrane	77
12123345222	integral proteins	pass through membrane	78
12123349139	peripheral proteins	loosely bound to the surface of the membrane: attachment points, relay signals, etc	79
12123358153	embedded proteins	pass partway through membrane	80
12123385055	composition of membranes	all membranes have the same composition, differ only by proportion and types of embedded proteins	81
12123397563	transport through semi-permeable membrane	passive - some molecules pass through, others excluded based on size, charge, etc. in general: - small, hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, steroid hormones) pass through quickly - small hydrophilic molecules (water, glucose), ions pass through slowly	82
12123431154	transport proteins	(passive/active) - selective channels through membrane, facilitate diffusion - passive: down concentration gradient; ATP required only to make protein, not for transport - active: against concentration gradient, uses ATP	83
12123458623	ion channel proteins	allow ions to pass through membrane	84
12123470925	gated ion channel proteins	can be opened/closed by certain stimuli	85
12123474698	passive transport	spontaneous, no ATP required, down concentration gradient	86
12123479125	diffusion	molecules spread out into available space due to thermal energy, movement continues until molecules are as evenly distributed as possible - each substance diffuses down its own concentration gradient, unaffected by concentration gradients of other molecules in the system	87
12123511259	osmosis	diffusion of water down its concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane - high [water] -> low [water] -low[solute] -> high [solute]	88
12123542697	osmoregulation	maintaining balance in different water environments, such as by pumping water in or out of a cell	89
12123560579	facilitated diffusion	passive transport requiring the use of a channel, often used for polar molecules and ions - proteins specific to substance	90
12123576300	isotonic solution	equal concentration inside and outside the cell, net movement of water is 0, cell stays the same size	91
12123585336	hypertonic solution	more particles in solution than in cell, water moves out of cell to dilute surroundings, cell shrinks	92
12123594116	hypotonic solution	fewer particles in solution than in cell, water moves into cell to dilute internal environment, cell expands	93
12123626814	water potential	tendency of water to move out of a solution (water moves from high to low water potential)	94
12123669274	water potential equation	Ψ = Ψs + Ψp, Ψ=-iCRT i = ionization constant = number of pieces C = concentration (M) R = pressure constant (0.0831 Lbar/molK) T = temperature (K, 273+C)	95
12123731876	Ψs, solute potential	tendency of water to move out of solution due to [solute]; as M goes up, Ψs goes down - Ψs of water is 0, all others negative	96
12123748983	Ψp, pressure potential	0 in open container; as Ψp goes up, Ψw goes up	97
12123758396	proportionality	constant ration between two things	98
12123771306	active transport	movement against concentration gradient, requires ATP and channel protein	99
12123777661	sodium-potassium pump	moves 3NA+ out and 2NA+ in when phosphorelated wit use of ATP, which changes protein shape and allows NA+ to bind - sets up electrochemical gradient	100
12123803483	proton pump	moves H+ out of the cell, maintains electrochemical gradient with charge across membrane	101
12123813241	cotransport	transport of several molecules indirectly drive by transport of one - ATP used to pump a molecule to one side of membrane, have it do work as it diffuses back, brings another molecule with it - energy spent only on transporting initial molecule	102
12123855281	secretory vesicles	excrete things from cell	103
12123859479	exocytosis	removal of materials from cell: vesicles move from golgi/ER, fuse with cell membrane, dump out contents	104
12123869818	endocytosis	intake of large quantities: membrane pinches into a pocket, seals into a vesicle	105
12123880999	phagocytosis	intake of large particles in a food vesicle, not specific	106
12123887048	pinocytosis	intake of nutrient/iron rich liquid, not specific	107
12123894560	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptor cells on membrane bind to ligands, pulled into cell (highly secific) - occurs at coated pits	108
12123911825	coated pits	areas of membrane with coat proteins on the inside and receptors for specific substances on the outside	109
12123920230	digestion	occurs when vesicle from phago/endocytosis murges with lysosome	110
12123931496	recycling membrane	- proteins recycled back to membrane source - when vesicle pinches off, membrane inside becomes vesicle outside, returns to inside when it fuses with membrane (retains "sidedness")	111
12123948091	amino functional group	NH2, basic	112
12123956236	phosphate functional group	H2PO4-, acidic	113
12123975975	carboxyl functional group	COOH, acidic	114