AP Psychology THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

10884716790	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
10884716791	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
10884716792	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
10884716793	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
10884716794	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
10884716795	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
10884716796	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
10884716797	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	7
10884716798	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
10884716799	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	9
10884716800	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	10
10884716801	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	11
10884716802	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	12
10884716803	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
10884716804	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	14
10884716805	Framing	the way an issue is posed	15
10884716806	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	16
10884716807	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	17
10884716808	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	18
10884716809	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	19
10884716810	Semantics	the study of language meaning	20
10884716811	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	21
10884716812	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	22
10884716813	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	23
10884716814	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	24
10884716815	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	25
10884716816	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	26
10884716817	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	27
10884716818	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	28
10884716819	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	29