AP Language and Composition Flashcards

14184308615	Analongy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification. "an analogy between the workings of nature and those of human societies"	0
14184308616	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	1
14184308617	anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.	2
14184308618	annotation	(n.) a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work	3
14184308619	antimetabole	repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order	4
14184308620	anthithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	5
14184308621	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	6
14184308622	archaic diction	old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	7
14184308623	argument	a statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work	8
14184308624	Aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	9
14184308625	assertion	a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief	10
14184308626	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	11
14184308627	asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	12
14184308628	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	13
14184308629	background	information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a named source	14
14184308630	backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument	15
14184308631	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	16
14184308632	bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	17
14184308633	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	18
14184308634	claim	the writer's position on an issue or problem	19
14184308635	claim of fact	a claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable	20
14184308636	claim of policy	proposes a change	21
14184308637	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	22
14184308638	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	23
14184308639	introduction (exordium)	introduces the reader to the subject under discussion	24
14184308640	narration (narration)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	25
14184308641	confirmation (confirmation)	major part of the text, includes development of proof needed to make the writer's point	26
14184308642	refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	27
14184308643	closed thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	28
14184308644	complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	29
14184308645	composition	a work of music, literature, or art	30
14184308646	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions	31
14184308647	concession	acknowledgment and acceptance of an opposing or different view	32
14184308648	confirmation	The main part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated.	33
14184308649	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	34
14184308650	context	the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.	35
14184308651	counter argument	ideas that are presented to oppose another argument	36
14184308652	Counter argument thesis	a summary of the counterargument, usually qualified by although or but, precedes the writer's opinion	37
14184308653	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	38
14184325186	deduction	reasoning down from principles	39
14184425929	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	40
14184425930	either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	41
14184425931	Enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated	42
14184425932	Equivocation	the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication	43
14184425933	ethos	credibility	44
14184425934	exordium	introduction	45
14184425935	fallacy/logical fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	46
14184425936	faulty analogy	an illogical, misleading comparison between two things	47
14184425937	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	48
14184425938	line	sentence	49
14184425939	logos	logic	50
14184425940	metaphors	describe one thing as if it were something else	51
14184425941	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	52
14299158725	modifier	a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	53
14184425942	Mood	How the reader feels about the text while reading.	54
14184425944	Nominalization	the process of changing a verb into a noun	55
14184425945	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	56
14184425946	open thesis	one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	57
14184425947	oxymoron	conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')	58
14184425948	paradox	a contradiction or dilemma	59
14184425949	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	60
14184425950	pathos	emotional appeal	61
14184425951	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	62
14184425952	peroration	the concluding part of a speech	63
14184425953	Persona	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting	64
14184425954	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	65
14184425955	polemic	an aggressive argument against a specific opinion	66
14184425956	Polysndeton	the repetition of conjunctions in close succession for rhetorical effect	67
14184425957	post hoc ergo propter hoc	after this, therefore because of this	68
14184425958	Propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.	69
14184425959	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve	70
14184425960	qualified argument	An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position.	71
14184425961	qualifier	a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase	72
14184425962	qualitative evidence	evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent	73
14184425963	quantitative evidence	things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers	74
14184425964	rebuttal	a refutation or contradiction	75
14233737385	ad hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute	76
14233737386	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	77
14233737387	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	78
14233737388	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	79
14321924953	red herring	A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion	80
14321924954	reservation	explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	81
14321924955	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	82
14321924956	rhetorical appeals	the use of emotional, ethical, and logical arguments to persuade in writing or speaking	83
14321924957	rhetorical question	figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer	84
14321924958	Rogerian Argument	acknowledges the validity of the opposition's positions rather than attacking them	85
14321924959	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	86
14321924960	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	87
14321924961	second-hand evidence	evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation	88
14321924962	shape	the form or outline of an object	89
14321924963	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	90
14321951910	SOAPS	Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker	91
14321951911	Speaker	the narrative voice in a poem	92
14321951912	stance	position	93
14321951913	straw man fallacy	a statement that refutes a claim that was never made	94
14321951914	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	95
14321951915	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	96
14321951916	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	97
14321951917	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	98
14321951918	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	99
14365877551	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	100
14365877552	Induction	factual reasoning	101
14365877553	Inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)	102
14365877554	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	103
14365877555	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	104
14365877556	first-hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows	105
14365877557	focus	The center of interest or attention.	106
14365877558	foreground	the part of a work depicted as nearest to the viewer	107
14365877559	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	108
14365877560	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	109
14365877561	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action	110
14365877562	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	111
14365877563	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	112
14365877564	text	written words	113
14365877565	thesis statement	a statement or sentence that states the purpose of a paper or essay	114
14365877566	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	115
14365877567	Toulmin Model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments	116
14365877568	Trope	The generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.	117
14365877569	undertstatement	presentation of something being smaller, or worse	118
14365877570	wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	119
14365877571	Zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	120
14365877572	warrant	to justify or deserve	121