AP Biology - Test 2 Flashcards

14923528319	Three laws of cells	1. all organisms are made of cells 2. the cell is the simplest version of matter that can be alive 3. all cells are related by descent of other cells	0
14923538055	Light Microscope (LM)	lenses refract the light so image is magnified (x1000)	1
14923545353	Three parameters of microscopy	Magnification, resolution, contrast	2
14923548417	Organelles	membrane-enclosed compartments	3
14923552385	Electron microscopes (EM)	used to study subcellular structures	4
14923555849	Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	produce images that look 3D, some color	5
14923563618	Transmission electron microscope (TEM)	used to study internal structure of cells, black and white	6
14923571405	Cell fractionation	breaks up cells and separates components	7
14923577204	Eukaryotic domains	protists, fungi, animals, plants	8
14923580876	Prokaryotic domains	bacteria and archaea	9
14923584401	Features of all cells	plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes	10
14923591987	Characteristics of eukaryotic cells	DNA is in a nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm	11
14923595368	Characteristics of prokaryotic cells	no nucleus, DNA is in the nucleoid region, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm	12
14923605836	Plasma membrane	barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen and nutrients	13
14923616976	Difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells		14
14923626885	Ribosomes	use information from DNA to make proteins	15
14923649070	Nucleus	contains cells genes	16
14923651468	Nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm	17
14923657693	Nuclear pores	regulate the entry and exit of molecules	18
14923659475	Nuclear lamina	composed of protein, maintains the shape of the nucleus	19
14923663891	Nucleus diagram		20
14923670456	Chromosomes	discrete units that DNA is organized into	21
14923671762	Chromation	DNA and proteins of chromosomes together	22
14923678179	Nucleolus	site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	23
14923685279	Where are ribosomes located?	cytoplasm and rough ER	24
14923693829	Components of the endomembrane system	nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane	25
14923701743	Vesicles	connects endomembrane system components	26
14923712111	Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of...	smooth ER and rough ER	27
14923713944	Smooth ER distinction	lacks ribosomes	28
14923718290	Rough ER distinction	surface is studded with ribosomes	29
14923722858	Endoplasmic reticulum		30
14923732663	Functions of the smooth ER	synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions	31
14923739653	Functions of the rough ER	has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory for the cell	32
14923748338	Functions of the Golgi apparatus	modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles	33
14923754628	Cisternae	flattened membranous sacs in the golgi apparatus	34
14923760780	Golgi apparatus		35
14923763972	Lysomsome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules	36
14923774317	Phagocytosis	cell engulfing another cell and forming a food vacuole	37
14923784059	Lysosomes and phagocytosis		38
14923789665	Vacuoles	large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus	39
14923792221	Food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis	40
14923795440	Contractile vacuoles	found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells	41
14923797842	Central vacuoles	found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water	42
14923805184	Endomembrane system structure		43
14923809428	Mitochondria	sites of cellular respiration, generates ATP	44
14923812579	Chloroplasts	found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis	45
14923819883	Endosymbiont theory	explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells	46
14923829393	Endosymbiont theory process		47
14923843540	Cristae	smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded in mitochondria	48
14923847117	Mitochondrial matrix	inner membrane of mitochondria	49
14923853336	Mitochondria structure		50
14923865076	Where are chloroplasts found?	leaves, other green organs of plants and in algae	51
14923870324	Thylakoids	membranous sacs stacked to form in a granum in chloroplasts	52
14923873813	Stroma	internal fluid of chloroplast	53
14923878198	Chloroplasts belongs in a group of plant organelles called...	plastids	54
14923878199	chloroplasts structure		55
14925471054	peroxisomes	specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane	56
14925474754	Peroxisome function	produce hydrogen peroxide and then convert it to water	57
14958588862	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that organizes the cell's structure and activity	58
14958607756	Motor protein and cytoskeleton relationship		59
14958637474	3 main types of fibers	microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments	60
14958637475	Microtubules	Thickest, made of protein tubulin, shape and support cell, cilia and flagella, separate chromosomes during cell division	61
14958643531	Microfilaments	Long thin fibers, made from actin, in bundles, absorb nutrients in intestines from food, small intestine	62
14958646072	Intermediate filaments	size in between microfilaments and microtubules, support shape of cell, more permanent than the other 2	63
14958653607	Structure and function of cytoskeleton		64
14958736642	Layers of cell wall	primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall	65
14958739732	Primary cell wall	relatively thin and flexible	66
14958742919	Middle lamella	thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells	67
14958746377	Secondary cell wall	added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall	68
14958755967	Plasmodesmata	channels between adjacent plant cells	69
14958758754	Plant cell wall and plasmodesmata		70
14958777156	Extracellular Matrix (ECM)	made of collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin, bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins	71
14958790892	ECM structure		72
14958827580	Cell junctions		73