AP LANG Flashcards

14713441067	ad hominem fallacy	when speakers attack the person making the argument and not the argument itself	0
14713441068	ad populum fallacy	when we attempt to persuade people by arguing our position is reasonable because so many other people are doing it or agree with it	1
14713441069	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	2
14713441070	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	3
14713441071	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	4
14713441072	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	5
14713441073	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	6
14713441074	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	7
14713441075	appeal to false authority fallacy	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	8
14713441076	archaic diction	old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	9
14713441077	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	10
14713441078	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	11
14713441079	circular reasoning fallacy	error of basing a claim on the same claim reworded in slightly different terms	12
14713441080	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	13
14713441081	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true	14
14713441082	claim of policy	proposes a change	15
14713441083	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	16
14713441084	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	17
14713441085	Classification	The process of grouping things based on their similarities	18
14713441086	concession	Something given up or yielded	19
14713441087	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	20
14713441088	counterargument thesis statement	a summary of the counterargument, usually qualified by although or but, precedes the writer's opinion	21
14713441089	Counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	22
14713441090	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	23
14713441091	deductive reasoning	general to specific	24
14713441092	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	25
14713441093	diction	word choice	26
14713441094	either/or fallacy	oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices	27
14713441095	Enumeration	listing items in order	28
14713441096	Ethos	credibility	29
14713441097	evidence	the available body of facts or information indicating whether a claim is true or valid.	30
14713441098	polemical	causing debate or argument	31
14713441099	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	32
14713441100	Exigence	an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak	33
14713441101	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	34
14713441102	faulty analogy fallacy	a comparison drawn between things that are dissimilar in some important way	35
14713441103	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	36
14713441104	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	37
14713441105	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	38
14713441106	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	39
14713441107	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	40
14713441108	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	41
14713441109	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	42
14713441110	Open Thesis Statement	One that does not list all the points that the writer intends to cover an essay	43
14713441111	Neutral Diction	Uses standard language and vocabulary without elaborate words and may include contractions	44
14713441112	Hyperbole	exaggeration	45
14713441113	Hypophora	raising a question then proceeding to answer it	46
14713441114	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	47
14713441115	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	48
14713441116	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	49
14713441117	Logos	Appeal to logic	50
14713441118	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	51
14713441119	informal diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech	52
14713441120	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	53
14713441121	logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning	54
14713441122	Inversion	turning inward	55
14713441123	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	56
14713441124	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	57
14713441125	post hoc ergo propter hoc	after this, therefore because of this	58
14713441126	Propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.	59
14713441127	Zeguma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	60
14713441128	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve	61
14713441129	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	62
14713441130	Understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	63
14713441131	red herring fallacy	when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from the subject of the speech	64
14713441132	Toulmin Model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments	65
14713441133	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument	66
14713441134	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	67
14713441135	rhetorical appeals	ethos, pathos, logos	68
14713441136	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	69
14713441137	thesis statement	a statement or sentence that states the purpose of a paper or essay	70
14713441138	Synedoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	71
14713441139	Situational Irony	An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected	72
14713441140	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	73
14713441141	rhetorical situation	a situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages	74
14713441142	subject	the topic of a text and what it is about	75
14713441143	text	written words	76
14713441144	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	77
14713441145	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	78
14713441146	Rogerian Argument	acknowledges the validity of the opposition's positions rather than attacking them	79
14713441147	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	80
14713441148	straw man fallacy	a statement that refutes a claim that was never made	81
14713441149	Speaker	creates and delivers a written or spoken text	82
14713441150	second-hand evidence	evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation	83
14713441151	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	84
14713503135	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and (historical or current) events surrounding a text	85
14723822178	persona	greek for "mask". The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	86
16683962485	reasoning	the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence	87
16684003800	coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle	88
16684018667	Repetition (Rhetorical device)	Repeating words, phrases, images, or ideas to add emphasis	89
16684032441	synonym	A word that means the same as another word	90
16684043661	pronoun reference	the connection between a pronoun and its antecedent (noun that the pronoun replaces). reference should be clear and unambiguous: The lawyer picked up his hat and left.	91
16684066316	transitions	words or phrases used to connect ideas together	92
16684077653	adjective	A word that describes a noun	93
16684088489	adverb	A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb	94
16684104806	qualifier	a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase	95
16684114090	modifier	a word or group of words that provides description for another word	96