AP US History: Chapter 24 :) Flashcards

13856180194	Pacific Railroad Act, 1862	Land grants; commissioned a transcontinental rail line.	0
13856180195	Union Pacific Railroad	This railroad company was commissioned to build the transcontinental railroad from the east. Insiders of the Credit Mobilier reaped $23 million in profits; Indians attacked while trying to save their land.	1
13856180196	Central Pacific Railroad	Backed by the Big Four, it used Chinese Workers and received the same incentives as the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard rock of Sierra Nevada.	2
13856180197	The Wedding of the rails	Representing the completion of transcontinental rail line in 1869	3
13856180198	The Big Four	In California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the railroad eastward, backed the Central Pacific Railroad.	4
13856180199	James J. Hill	He created the railroad: the Great Northern. Was probably the greatest railroad builder of all.	5
13856180200	The Great Northern	This railroad ran from Duluth to Seattle, created by genius architect James J. Hill	6
13856180201	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Leader of old eastern railroad New York Central.	7
13856180202	Time zones	Instead of each city having its own time zone, to not confuse railroad operators, four national time zones was created.	8
13856180203	Stocking watering	A method of cheap moneymaking; railroad companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits.	9
13856180204	Jay Gould	Made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies.	10
13856180205	"Pool"	A group of supposed competitors who agreed to work together, usually to set prices.	11
13856180206	Wabash case (Wabash v. Illinois) 1886	issued by Supreme Court, stopped the Grange (the Grange's purpose is to stop the railroad monopoly occurred). States could not regulate interstate commerce.	12
13856180207	Interstate Commerce Act, 1887	This act banned rebates and pools; required the railroads to publish their rates openly.	13
13856180208	Interstate Commerce Commission	It was set up to enforce Interstate Commerce Act.	14
13856180209	Alexander Graham Bell, 1876	Invented the telephone.	15
13856180210	Thomas A. Edison, 1879	Perfecto of the incandescent light bulb; invented phonograph, moving pictures, mimeograph, etc. Backed by	16
13856180211	Andrew Carnegie	Steel tycoon. Master of "vertical integration." Turned to philanthropy and gave huge sums to libraries and arts in his late years.	17
13856180212	Vertical Integration	A business method where a corporation bought out other businesses (though not competitors) along its line of production. Example: Andrew Carnegie	18
13856180213	Bessemer process	A cheaper way to make steel, boost U.S.'s steel industry. Discovered by an American, William Kelly first, but named after a British person.	19
13856180214	Horizontal integration	A business method where the company bought out its competitors. Example: Rockefeller's Standard Oil	20
13856180215	John D. Rockefeller	Oil tycoon. Ruthless and merciless, owned Standard Oil Company which eventually controlled at least 90% of American oil. Was a master of "horizontal integration" where he ruthlessly drove others out of business.	21
13856180216	Standard Oil	owned by John D. Rockefeller	22
13856180217	"Trust"	a business that essentially is a monopoly, could drive smaller businesses to the wall.	23
13856180218	J. P. Morgan	Banker and financier. Orchestrated several blockbuster deals in railroads, insurance, and banking. Bought Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million to start the U.S. Steel Company. Greed, power, arrogance, and snobbery of the Gilded Age business.	24
13856180219	U. S. Steel	Company owned by J.P. Morgan, started from buying Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million.	25
13856180220	Gustavus F. Swift	leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (G)	26
13856180221	Philip Armour	leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (P)	27
13856180222	Gospel of Wealth	Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth; thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich; help society with their money.	28
13856180223	Social Darwinism	Applied Charles Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theories to business. Implied the reason that Carnegie was at the top of the steel industry.	29
13856180224	William Graham Sumner	Yale professor, survival of the fittest, natural law, etc.	30
13856180225	Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890	This act forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade. It was ineffective since it couldn't be enforced.	31
13856180226	James Buchanan Duke and the American Tobacco Company	He was one who, when the south remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, developed a huge cigarette industry, and made donations to a college (it is now named after him).	32
13856180227	Henry W. Grady and the New South	Editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper, urged the South to industrialize.	33
13856180228	Southern textile mills	In 1880s, there were only few industries in the South. But by the 1920s, the South had eclipsed New England in terms of yarn and cloth production.	34
13856180229	Gibson Girl	created by Charles Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age: young, athletic, attractive, and outdoorsy.	35
13856180230	Lockout	Employers could lock their doors against rebellious workers and then starve them into submission.	36
13856180231	Yellow-dog contracts	Contracts that the workers had to sign, which banned them from joining unions.	37
13856180232	National Labor Union	This union represented a giant boot stride; only lasted 6 years. Excluded Chinese; didn't welcome Blacks or women. Aim for eight-hour workday.	38
13856180233	Colored National Labor Union	Excluded workers such as Chinese or Blacks established this union.	39
13856180234	Knights of Labor	It is a labor union similar to National Labor Union, but only bared liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. Campaigned for economic and social reform.	40
13856180235	Mother Jones	Joined Knights of Labor, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community organizer. She helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World.	41
13856180236	Terence Powderly	Leader of Knights of Labor; led the Knights won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day; staged a successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Railroad in 1885.	42
13856180237	Haymarket Square bombing, 1886	It was an explosion in Chicago during labor disorders, killed several people including police officers.	43
13856180238	Gov. John P. Altgeld	German-born Democrat, elected governor of Illinois; pardoned the three survivors after studying the Haymarket Square Bombing extensively.	44
13856180239	Samuel Gompers	Founder of AF of L, demanded a fairer share for labor; sought better wages, hours, and working conditions.	45
13856180240	The American Federation of Labor	The AF of L united many independent small unions and worked out overall strategies. It focused only on skilled labor. Their success was only mild.	46
13856180241	Railroad Strike of 1877	This strike's failure exposed the weakness of the labor movement. Racist and ethnic fissures among workers everywhere fractured labor unity.	47
13856180242	Labor Day, 1894	Was made a legal holiday as the public started to concede the rights of workers.	48