AP US History Chapter 35 Flashcards

13608916850	Yalta Conference	Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945 at an old tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leasers laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union.	0
13608916851	Cold War	The forty-five year long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world in polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that particular period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.	1
13608916852	Bretton Woods Conference	Meeting of western allies to establish a post war international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned WWII. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.	2
13608916853	United Nations	International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hoped of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations, the U.N. was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its security council - Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.	3
13608916854	Nuremberg War Crimes Trial	Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity in post war Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences.	4
13608916855	Berlin Airlift	Year long mission of flying food and supplied to blockaded western Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the west in the first major crisis of the Cold War.	5
13608916856	Containment Doctrine	America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on the ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.	6
13608916857	Truman Doctrine	hey	7
13608916858	Marshall Plan	Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by secretary of state John Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947.	8
13608916859	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat of the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.	9
13608916860	National Security Council Memorandum Number 68	National security council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tension. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy, but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity.	10
13608916861	Korean War	Fist "hot war" of the "Cold War." It began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Koreans and UN forces, dominated by the United States, launched and counteroffensive. The war ended in a stalemate in 1953.	11
13608916862	House Un-American Activities Committee	Investigative body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sough to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.	12
13608916863	McCarthyism	A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist propaganda.	13
13608916864	Army-McCarthy hearing	Congressional hearing called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.	14
13608916865	Executive Order 9981	Order issued by President Truman to desegregate the armed forces. The president's action resulted from a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geopolitical context of the Cold War.	15
13608916866	Taft-Hartley Act	Republican promoted antiunion legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers.	16
13608916867	Operation Dixie	Failed effort by the CIO after WWII to unionize southern workers, especially in the textile factory.	17
13608916868	Employment Act of 1946	Legislation declaring that the government's economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, as well as to keep inflation low. This general commitment was much shorter on specific targets and rules that it's liberal creators had wished. The act created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with data and recommendations to make economic policy.	18
13608916869	GI Bill	Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally known as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning WWII soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses. It also made tuition and stipends available for them to attend college as well as job training programs. The act was intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen to the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy.	19
13608916870	Fair Deal	President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republican and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing more public housing, and extending the old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act.	20
13608916871	Sunbelt	The fifteen state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during WWII and particularly the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast ( the "Frostbelt").	21
13608916872	Levittown	Suburban communities with mass produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes for their growing families.	22
13608916873	baby boom	Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many generations of many institutions such as schools and universities.	23
13608916874	Joseph Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.	24
13608916875	Jiang Jieshi	Leader of Chinese Nationalists, also known as Chang kai-shek. He was defeated by Mao Zedong's communist revolutionaries in 1949 and was forced to flee to the isalnd of Tawiwan, where, with the support of the United States, he became president of the Republic of China	25
13608916876	George F. Kennan	American diplomat who wrote the "containment doctrine" in 1947, arguing that the Soviet Union was inherently expansionist and had to be stopped, via political and military force, from spreading throughout the world.	26
13608916877	George C. Marshall	Former WW2 general who became Sec. of State under Truman. He was the originator of the concept of the plan that would provoke aid to reconstruct Western Europe.	27
13608916878	Joseph McCarthy	Wisconsin Republican Senator who used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. He claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but had no credible evidence. He took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential. Eventually discredited by Congress.	28
13608916879	Reinhold Niebuhr	A liberal Protestant theologian whose teachings and writings aimed to relate Christian faith to the realities of modern politics. A socialist and pacifist as a young man, he came out of WW2 committed to the doctrine of the "just war" and the necessity of resisting dark forces of evil like Hitler and Stalin, while remaining outspoken in defense of progressive social causes.	29
13608916880	Benjamin Spock	Pediatrician and author of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, which instructed parents on modern child-rearing, replacing traditional means of passing along such knowledge. He is often said to have been the bible of the baby boomer generation.	30