AP US History, Chapter 1 Vocabulary "New World Beginnings" Flashcards

10687631011	Canadian Shield	First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.	0
10687631012	Incas	Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532; developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.	1
10687631013	Aztecs	Native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by spaniard Hernan Cortes; maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute; came to be known for their advances in mathematics, writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.	2
10687631014	Nation-States	The term commonly describes those societies in which the political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality.	3
10687631015	Cahokia	Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans.	4
10687631016	Three-Sister Farming	Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 CE; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.	5
10687631017	Middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers or goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers; after the 11th century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.	6
10687631018	Caravel	Small vessel with high decks and three triangular sails; could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa.	7
10687631019	Plantation	Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor.	8
10687631020	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the New and Old World societies after 1492.	9
10687631021	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Signed by Spain and Portugal, it divided the territories of the New World; Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.	10
10687631022	Encomienda	Spanish government's policy to "commend" or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them.	11
10687631023	Noche Triste (June 30th, 1520)	"Sad Night" when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds; Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.	12
10687631024	Capitalism	Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.	13
10687631025	Mestizos	People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notable in Mexico.	14
10687631026	Conquistadors	16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Inca empires.	15
10687631027	Battle of Acoma (1599)	Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present day New Mexico; Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.	16
10687631028	Pope's Rebellion (1680)	Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.	17
10687631029	Black Legend	False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their hold in the name of Christ.	18
10687631030	Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516)	Spanish monarch who, along with his wife Isabella of Castile, who funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, which led to his discovery of the West Indies.	19
10687631031	Isabella of Castile (1451-1504)	Spanish monarch who, along with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon, who funded Christopher Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, which led to his discover of the West Indies.	20
10687631032	Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)	Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia; Columbus made three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and briefly served as a colonial administrator on the island of Hispaniola, present day Haiti.	21
10687631033	Francisco Coronado (1510-1554)	Spanish explorer who ventured from western Mexico through present day Arizona and up to Kansas in search of fabled golden cities.	22
10687631034	Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541)	Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas in 1532 and founded the city of Lima, Peru.	23
10687631035	Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566)	Reform minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the Encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies.	24
10687631036	Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain.	25
10687631037	Malinche (Dona Maria) (ca. 1501-1550)	Indian slave woman who served as an interpreter for Hernan Cortes on his conquest of the Aztecs; later married one of Cortes' soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.	26
10687631038	Moctezuma (1466-1520)	Last of the Aztec rulers, who saw his powerful empire crumble under the force of the Spanish invasion led by Hernan Cortes.	27
10687631039	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) (ca. 1450-1498)	Italian explorer sent by England's King Henry VII to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.	28
10687631040	Robert de La Salle (1643-1687)	French explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680's.	29
10687631041	Father Junipero Serra (1713-1784)	Franciscan priest who established a chain of missions along the California coast, beginning in San Diego in 1769, with the aim of Christianizing and civilizing peoples.	30