AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

16042601760	Trans-Oceanic Trade	global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean	0
16042601761	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	1
16042601762	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	2
16042601763	Triangular Trade	Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.	3
16042601764	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	4
16042601765	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	5
16042601766	Cartography	the science or the art of making maps	6
16042601767	Joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	7
16042601768	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	8
16042601769	Vodun	African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.	9
16042601770	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	10
16042601774	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	11
16042601775	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	12
16042601776	Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	13
16042601777	Magellan	Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there	14
16042601778	Vasco da Gama	the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.	15
16042601779	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	16
16042601780	Little Ice Age	Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.	17
16042601781	Chattel Slavery	Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.	18
16042601782	Plantation Economy	This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.	19
16042601783	Indentured servitude	A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.	20
16042601784	Encomienda System	Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor	21
16042601785	Hacienda System	landed estates granted to conquistadors	22
16042601786	Mita System	The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.	23
16042601787	Devshirme	Christian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities.	24
16042601788	Jannisaries	Ottoman empire required non-Islamic families in the Balkans to give up their young boys to be a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard	25
16042601789	Daimyo	(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun	26
16042601790	Peninsulare	a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies	27
16042601791	Criollos	persons of European ancestry born in the Americas	28
16042601792	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry	29
16042601793	Mulattos	Persons of mixed European and African ancestry	30
16042601794	Sociedad de castas	Spanish social system based on racial origins	31
16042601795	Commercial Revolution	A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.	32
16042601796	Potosi	a city in Bolivia: formerly a rich silver-mining center with the largest silver mountain	33
16042601797	Absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters	34
16042601798	*Louis XIV	(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.	35
16042601799	*Phillip II	King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.	36
16042601800	*Peter the Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	37
16042601801	*Parliamentary monarchy	A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament	38
16042601802	Divine Rights	A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.	39
16042601804	Ottomans (Suleiman)	Gun powder empire (Turkey)	40
16042601805	Safavids (Abbas)	Gun powder empire (Persians)	41
16042601806	Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb)	Gunpowder empire (India)	42
16042601807	European Empires in the Americans	Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands	43
16042601808	Aztecs	From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, this empire emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century	44
16042601809	Incas	A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.	45
16042601811	Tokugawa Shogunate	Unified daimyo (lords) to keep peace from 1600 to 1867 in Japan	46
16042601812	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	47
16042601813	Thirty Year War	a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.	48
16042601814	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.	49
16042601815	English Civil War	a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government	50
16042601816	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	51
16042601817	Treaty of Tordesillas	A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.	52
16042601818	Hernan Cortes	a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire	53
16042601819	Francisco Pizzaro	Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's	54
16042601820	Japan's Closed Country policy	As a result of Europeans entering and converting thousands to Christianity, the Shogun expelled or eliminated European entrance to the country	55