AP Mutations & Gene Regulation Flashcards

12053138766	alterations to mRNA during processing	5' cap, poly-A tail, RNA splicing, alternative splicing	0
12053138772	alternative splicing	different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which segments are treated as exons or introns; regulatory proteins control this designation	1
12053138781	mutation	any sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that does not exactly match the original DNA molecule from which it was copied	2
12053138782	causes of mutations	replication errors or environmental effects	3
12053138786	types of point mutations	substitution, deletion, insertion	4
12053138788	substitution mutation	occurs when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide	5
12053138789	deletion mutation	one nucleotide is omitted from the sequence	6
12053138790	insertion mutation	one nucleotide is added to the sequence	7
12053138791	frameshift	results from a nucleotide deletion or insertion; causes all subsequent nucleotides to be displaced one or more positions	8
12053138792	silent mutation	new codon still codes for the same amino acid	9
12053138793	missense mutation	the new codon codes for a new amino acid that is different from the original	10
12053138794	nonsense mutation	the new codon codes for a stop codon instead of an amino acid	11
12053138799	transposons	"jumping genes" - DNA segments that insert themselves throughout the genome after copying or deleting themselves from another area	12
12053556323	DNA methylation	The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.	13
12053633232	Histone acetylation	chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription when acetyl groups attach to certain amino acids of histone proteins	14
12053695879	microRNA	small single-stranded RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or block its translation.	15
12053866668	Enhancers	A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes.	16
12053957019	Proteosomes	giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them	17