Human Diseases Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 10235125660 | Cardiovascular system includes: | Heart, arteries, veins, blood. |  | 0 |
| 10235160310 | Pericardium | A 2 layered sac surrounding the heart with fluid in between |  | 1 |
| 10235135954 | Wall of the hear has three layers of CT: | 1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium | 2 | |
| 10239723302 | Epicardium | Outter layer of the heart. | 3 | |
| 10239725764 | Myocardium | Middle layer of heart | 4 | |
| 10239726168 | Endocardium | Inner layer of the heart | 5 | |
| 10239731213 | Common signs and symptoms of a heart disorder | Chest pain Shortness of breath Tachycardia Cardiac Palpations | 6 | |
| 10239732209 | Cardiac palpations | An unusually strong, rapid, or irregular heart beat that the patient can feel. | 7 | |
| 10239740217 | Tachycardia | rapid heart beat | 8 | |
| 10239741377 | ischemia | inadequate blood supply to an organ, therefore, inadequate O2 supply. | 9 | |
| 10239748956 | Pulse Points of the body (9) | Temporal Facial Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis |  | 10 |
| 10239756250 | Auscultation | Listening to the flow of blood through the heart and vessels with a stethoscope. | 11 | |
| 10239761119 | Doppler | A device placed over arteries to magnify the sound of blood flow. |  | 12 |
| 10239770989 | Arterial blood pressure | Simply taking Bp | 13 | |
| 10239778457 | Electrocardiography (ECG) or (EKG) | A machine that gathers measures systolic and diastolic pressure. | 14 | |
| 10239776129 | Electrocardiogram | The electronic picture of the ECG | 15 | |
| 10239791953 | Echocardiogram | Cardiac ultrasound that examines the hearts chambers, valves, walls, and vessels. | 16 | |
| 10239797397 | PET scan | a dye containing radioactive tracers in ingested or injected into your body, under the scanner the diseased areas will appear as bright spots | 17 | |
| 10239817714 | Heart murmur | A turbulence in blood flow; listen on the distal side of the valve. | 18 | |
| 10239824269 | Heart murmur position for Aortic valve | 2nd right intercostal | 19 | |
| 10239827101 | Heart murmur position for Pulmonary valve | 2nd left intercostal | 20 | |
| 10239828170 | Heart murmur position for tricuspid valve | Left Lower sternum border | 21 | |
| 10239830620 | Heart murmur position for mitral valve | 5th intercostal space at around left midclavicular line | 22 | |
| 10239854896 | Blood flow through heart | Superior vena cava --> right atria --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left artery --> mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> organ tissues --> superior vena cava--> |  | 23 |
| 10239844104 | Cardiac conduction system | One cardiac cycle; aka one heart beat/pulse. SA node --> atrioventricular node --> bundle of his --> R/L bundle branches --> purkinje fibers | 24 | |
| 10239944189 | SA node | Normal pacemaker of the heart. | 25 | |
| 10239943440 | SA normal rate | 60-100 times per minute | 26 | |
| 10239926188 | PQRST | This is represented on the electrocardiogram as one sequence of conduction. |  | 27 |
| 10239950422 | P | Contraction of atrium; Electrical stimulation beginning and passing over the atria (depolarization). | 28 | |
| 10239953514 | QRS wave | Stimulation passing over the veltricles | 29 | |
| 10239954325 | T | Recovery of the ventricles (repolarization). | 30 | |
| 10239960183 | Cardiac catheterization | Invasive procedure to determine O2 content and Bp. | 31 | |
| 10245184733 | Patency | openness (of vessels) | 32 | |
| 10245190211 | X-ray | Determine normal structure, size, and patency by injecting dye and taking pictures of the heart. | 33 | |
| 10245207367 | common x-rays | Angiocardiography Angiography Venogram | 34 | |
| 10245208741 | Angiocardiography | Examination by x-ray of the heart and vessels. | 35 | |
| 10245212375 | Angiography | Examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels. graphy=study | 36 | |
| 10245223727 | Venogram | The image by x-ray of the veins. gram=picture | 37 | |
| 10245262005 | ankle-brachial index (ABI) test | Screens for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by measuring the BP at the ankle and the arm. | 38 | |
| 10245279028 | Normal ABI | 1.0 less than 0.9 is an indication of PAD | 39 | |
| 10245294313 | Blood Tests | The Enzyme levels help determine time and and degree of a myocardial infarction (heart attack). | 40 | |
| 10245314327 | Blood test enzymes (3) | - Creatine phosphokinase - Troponin (TnL) - Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) | 41 | |
| 10245325222 | Cardiovascular disease | Generally refers to conditions that involves narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. -high bp is a common cause | 42 | |
| 10245735163 | Leading cause of death in the US | Cardiovascular disease | 43 | |
| 10245745155 | Hypertension | High Bp (140/90) - Indicator of cerebrovascular, cardiovasular and kidney disease - Leading cause of stroke and heart failure | 44 | |
| 10245890041 | Lumen | The open space of an artery or vein |  | 45 |
| 10245764511 | Normal Bp | <120 / <80 | 46 | |
| 10245767469 | Systolic pressure | Highest pressure in arteries when ventricles contracts | 47 | |
| 10245770190 | Diastolic pressure | Pressure in arteries when ventricles relax | 48 | |
| 10245780230 | Risk factors of Bp: | Hereditary Diet Age Obesity Smoking Stress | 49 | |
| 10245916762 | Hereditary affect on Bp | Affects blacks twice as much than whites | 50 | |
| 10245920703 | Age affect on Bp | Blood pressure rises with age | 51 | |
| 10245923148 | Smoking affect on Bp | Nicotine causes vasoconstriction | 52 | |
| 10245925822 | Stress affect on Bp | Stress causes a rise in Bp due to vasoconstriction | 53 | |
| 10252393101 | Evaluation of hypertension includes examining the following: | 1. Taking a medical and family history 2. Physical exam 3. Testing blood for cholesterol/triglycerides 4. ECG to test action of heart | 54 | |
| 10252389119 | Cholesterol levels in blood | Should be under 200 | 55 | |
| 10252381047 | Low-density cholesterol (LDC) | Bad cholesterol : should be under 100 | 56 | |
| 10252383219 | High-density cholesterol (HDC) | Good cholesterol : should be over 60 | 57 | |
| 10252385175 | Tryglycerides | stored energy in the cells : should be under 200 | 58 | |
| 10245812254 | How does salt contribute to hypertension | Salt increases the amount of sodium in the bloodstream, which increases fluid in the bloodstream causing hyptension | 59 | |
| 10245855825 | Treatment of Hypertention | Antihypertensive medications Lifestyle changes | 60 | |
| 10245914537 | Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of arteries; loss of elasticity and thickening of wall; narrowing of the lumen. | 61 | |
| 10245974554 | Atherosclerosis | Deposits of fat (cholesterol) in the wall of arteries causing inflammation and calcification (hardening). | 62 | |
| 10246023906 | Plaque | Fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits. | 63 | |
| 10246034284 | Embolus | Plaque pieces broken off and floating in the blood | 64 | |
| 10246002336 | Atherosclerosis mainly affects: | Coronary arteries (feed the heart) Cerebral arteries (feed the brain) Aorta (supplies the circulatory system) Peripheral arteries (feed extremities) | 65 | |
| 10246019688 | Risk factors of atherosclerosis | (Uncontrolable) Hereditary Age Sex Diabetes (Controlable) Diet Secondary lifestyle Cigarette smoke Stress Hypertension | 66 | |
| 10246128881 | Atherosclerosis diagnostic procedures | BP arteriograms X-rays Doppler | 67 | |
| 10246152024 | Treatment for atherosclerosis | Bypass surgery of occluded arteries and plaque removal | 68 | |
| 10246168500 | Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | Any disease of the peripheral arteries or veins. Usually caused by plaque build up in the peripheral arteries blocks O2 | 69 | |
| 10246228439 | Intermittent claudication | Condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries (PVD). | 70 | |
| 10252401079 | Aneurism | A weakening in the walls of an artery that allows it to rupture; usually caused by arteriosclerosis, but can be caused by other diseases. | 71 | |
| 10252410147 | Most common area for an aneurism | Abdominal aorta | 72 | |
| 10252415415 | Ways to detect an aneurysm: | Stethoscope to listen for abnormal sounds MRI CT scan | 73 | |
| 10252421969 | Treatment for an aneurysm: | Aimed at repairing aneurysm --> surgical resection and grafting | 74 | |
| 10252429515 | Prevention of aneurism: | Preventing arteriosclerosis and hypertension | 75 | |
| 10252433187 | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the myocardium (heart muscle) : LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE US. | 76 | |
| 10252446113 | Thrombus | A blood clot attached to an artery or vein wall | 77 | |
| 10252449490 | Infarct | dead muscle | 78 | |
| 10252452964 | Diagnosis of CAD | History of symptoms ECG Angiograms **Symptoms usually do not appear until 70% occluded. | 79 | |
| 10252460107 | Treatment of CAD | Aimed at increasing blood flow or decreasing O2 needs. -angioplasty -coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | 80 | |
| 10252467523 | Angioplasty | Using a catheter to inflate a balloon to push back the plaque build up. | 81 | |
| 10252471501 | CABG | Coronary artery bypass grapht | 82 | |
| 10252477199 | Prevention of CAD | -diet -exercise -no smoking | 83 | |
| 10252498335 | Diseases of the heart: (9) | -Angina Pectoris -Myocardial infarction -Hypertensive heart disease -Rheumatic heart disease -Congestive heart failure -Cardiomyopathy -Carditis -Valvular heart disease -Arrhythmias | 84 | |
| 10252515846 | Angina Pectoris | Chest pain caused by lack of blood flow / O2 to the myocardium | 85 | |
| 10252521060 | Leading cause of angina: | arteriosclerosis | 86 | |
| 10252524230 | Symptoms of Angina | -Tight chest -Shortness of breath -Tightness radiating down the jaw, neck, and left arm. -usually occurs with stress, physical exercise, digestion of large meal | 87 | |
| 10252535735 | Diagnosis of Angina: | Physical exam ECG **Catheterization Blood tests (cholesterol and triglycerides) | 88 | |
| 10252543419 | Myocardial infarction (MI) | Death of tissue muscle due to lack of blood flow : usually caused by CAD : commonly called heart attack | 89 | |
| 10252560138 | Symptoms of Myocardial infarction | Pain in one or both arms, back and stomach Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Cold sweat (diaphoresis), nausea, and light-headedness. | 90 | |
| 10252584794 | Treatment of Myocardial infarction (MI) | -Prevent shock -Releive respiratory distress -decrease work load -If cardiac arrest happens, CPR. -O2 and pain meds -meds to treat arrhythmias -meds to prevent clot-burst (thrombolytics) -stop smoking -Diet -exercise | 91 | |
| 10252619574 | Common anticoagulant | Asprin | 92 | |
| 10252621078 | Common vasodilator | Nitroglycerine | 93 | |
| 10252623974 | Hypertensive heart disease | Result of long-term hypertension | 94 | |
| 10252634735 | Common causes of hypertensive heart disease: | A group of disorders caused by hypertension Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Kidney disease ** all cause high BP | 95 | |
| 10252651929 | Treatment of Hypertensive heart disease | Treatment of Hypertension cause No cure | 96 | |
| 10252655687 | Rheumatic heart disease | Autoimmune disorder caused by streptococcal throat infection Explanation: The immune system builds up antibodies against the streptococcal infection in the throat, which turn and attack the heart and valves. | 97 | |
| 10252667883 | Treatment of Rheaumatic heart disease | -Treat streptococcal infection -Rest during acute stage -Valve replacement | 98 | |
| 10252674448 | Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the body's tissues causing the cardiopulmonary system to become congested. - develops slowly and increased work load on heart |  | 99 |
| 10252687779 | Symptoms of CHF | -Gradual increase in dyspnea -tachycardia -tachypnea -Edema |  | 100 |
| 10252696520 | Right-side CHF leads to congestion of: | Liver and spleen Ankles and lower legs Neck vein distention (JVD) | 101 | |
| 10252707775 | Left side CHF leads to congestion of: | Lungs (pulmonary edema) -severe dyspnea / suffocation -pink sputum -cyanosis (dicoloration) -hypoxia -orthopnea | 102 | |
| 10252735547 | Diagnosis of Congestive heart failure | - Inspection of dyspnea and edema -Chest x-ray -ECG | 103 | |
| 10252743335 | Treatment of Congestive Heart failure | -Low salt diet -Diuretic meds -fluid restrictions ALL USED TO REDUCE FLUID RETENTION and INCREASE URINE OUTPUT -decrease work load -meds to strengthen and slow heart (Digitalis) | 104 | |
| 10252759497 | Medication used to strengthen heart and slow heart rate. | Digitalis | 105 | |
| 10252788448 | Cardiomyopathy | Deterioration of the heart muscle : characterized by dilated, enlarged LV, thin, flabby heart muscle. |  | 106 |
| 10252800864 | Cardiomyopathy leads to : | Congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction, and death. | 107 | |
| 10252812970 | Carditis | Inflammation of the heart | 108 | |
| 10252837459 | Carditis is usually a secondary disease to : | Respiratory, UT or skin infections. | 109 | |
| 10252838910 | Treatment of Cartidis | Rest Antibiotics Analgesics (pain reliever) Antipyretics (reduces fever) | 110 | |
| 10252847337 | Valvular heart disease | Malfunction of heart valves characterized by murmurs or abnormal heart sounds | 111 | |
| 10252851797 | Murmur | An abnormal sound in the heart or vascular system. | 112 | |
| 10252854233 | Causes of valvular heart disease | -Rheumatic fever -Congenital abnormalities -Endocarditis | 113 | |
| 10252860221 | Arrhythmias | Abnormalities in heart rhythm due to a malfunction of the conduction system. | 114 | |
| 10252866953 | Normal sinus rhythm | 60-100 bpm | 115 | |
| 10252868332 | Flutter | Unusually fast heart rate (350 bpm) | 116 | |
| 10252870030 | Fibrillation | Wild and uncoordinated heart rhythm | 117 | |
| 10252873720 | Heart block | Interruption in conduction system |  | 118 |
| 10252514602 | Diseases of the Veins: | Phlebitis Thrombophlebitis Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Varicose veins | 119 | |
| 10252886334 | Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein Phleb = vein |  | 120 |
| 10252890343 | Symptoms of phlebitis | -Pain -Swelling -Red, cord-like hardening along vein toward heart | 121 | |
| 10252897990 | Milk leg | When phlebitis occurs in pregnant women as a result of onset milk production. | 122 | |
| 10252903955 | Treatment of Phlebitis | Analgestics Warm compression Elevation Elastic stockings Exersice | 123 | |
| 10252907750 | Thrombophlebitis | Clotting in vessels of legs, thighs and pelvis. |  | 124 |
| 10252913823 | Risk factors of thrombophlebitis | Immobility Dehydration Varicose veins Leg/pelvic surgery obesity pregnancy | 125 | |
| 10252922678 | Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Thrombophlebitis in deep veins Treatment of DVT: - Reduce clot - prevent embolization - use anticoagulants |  | 126 |
| 10252933926 | Varicose veins | Dilated, tortuous, and elongated veins in legs. |  | 127 |
| 10252945622 | Causes of varicose veins | Prolonged sitting or standing Pregnancy Obesity | 128 | |
| 10252948704 | Hemorrhage | Abnormal loss of blood | 129 | |
| 10252958036 | Hemorrhage of Low-pressure vessels leads to : | Petechiae (purple spot) Ecchymosis (bruise) | 130 | |
| 10252967166 | Hemorrhage of high pressure vessels lead to : | Squirting of bright red blood | 131 | |
| 10252951153 | Exsanguination | Loss of circulating blood | 132 | |
| 10252953126 | Hemothorax | Blood in the chest cavity | 133 | |
| 10252971188 | Shock | Extremely low blood pressure that leads to decreased tissue perfusion. | 134 | |
| 10252980122 | perfusion | to pour through or supply with blood | 135 | |
| 10252978746 | Carcdiogenic shock | Results from the inability of the heart the pump blood adequately. | 136 | |
| 10252990822 | Septic shock | Results from septicemia (bacteria in blood) | 137 | |
| 10252994149 | Hypovolemic shock | Results from low fluid volume | 138 | |
| 10252996189 | Neurogenic shock | Results from vasodilation due to highly emotional situations. | 139 | |
| 10252999196 | Anaphylactic shock | Results from severe alergic reactions | 140 | |
| 10253004620 | Symptoms of Shock: | Facial pallor Cool/clamy skin Cyanosis Tachycardia Tachypnea Altered mental status Syncope Unconsciousness Oliguria (small amounts of urine) Anuria (no urine) | 141 | |
| 10253013512 | Treatment for shock | - Rest in supine -Move to warm, quiet environment - Elevate feet, legs | 142 | |
| 10253019138 | Trendelenburg position | Elevated feet and legs above heart |  | 143 |
| 10253028168 | Malignant hypertension | Diastolic pressure upto 130-170 mm Hg | 144 | |
| 10253030737 | Cor pulmonale | Right-sided heart failure | 145 | |
| 10253033971 | Raynaud's disease | Vasospastic disorder affecting the fingers and toes ; characterized by pale discoloration. | 146 | |
| 10253041197 | Buerger's disease | Inflammation of the peripheral vessels with clot formation | 147 | |
| 10253044194 | Polyartheritis nodosa | Vasculitis characterized by inflamed, necrotizing lesions in vessels | 148 | |
| 10253052052 | Effect of Aging of cardiovascular system | - decreased contractability of heart muscles - decreased elasticity of vessels - thickening of valves --> becoming sclerotic | 149 |