AP BIology DNA Replication Flashcards

16635007323	DNA Replication	process by which DNA molecule is copied; DNA synthesis (S stage of interphase)	0
16635007324	Transformation	a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by bacteria	1
16635007325	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters	2
16635007326	Virus	infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery	3
16635007327	Hershey and Chase	Concluded that viral DNA entered bacterial host cells, but viral proteins did not, so DNA fis the genetic material	4
16635007328	Chargaff's Law	the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases	5
16635007329	Rosalind Franklin	X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA	6
16635007330	Watson and Crick	discovered the structural double helix model of DNA	7
16635007331	Double helix	two twisted strands	8
16635007332	Antiparallel	subunits run in opposite directions	9
16635007333	Nitrogenous bases of Dna	A, T, C, G	10
16635007334	Purines	A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings	11
16635007335	Pyrimidines	C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring	12
16635007336	Semiconservative Model	the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common	13
16635007337	Origins of Replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides	14
16635007338	Replication Fork	a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound	15
16635007339	Helicases	enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands	16
16635007340	Topoisomerase	The untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands	17
16635007341	Leading strand	Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses	18
16635007342	Lagging Strand	The strand that DNA polymerase works away from the replication fork; Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments	19
16635007343	Okazaki fragments	Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long	20
16635007344	DNA Ligase	joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand	21
16635007345	DNA polymerase	Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing DNA strand	22
16635007346	Mismatch repair	Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors	23
16635007349	Telomeres	Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage	24
16635007354	Avery, McCarty, McLeod experiment	Protein- and RNA-degrading enzymes had little effect on transformation, but enzymes that degrade DNA eliminated the transforming activity.	25
16635007365	complementary		26
16635007366	nucleotide		27
16635007357	Avery, MacLeod, McCarty	Proved that DNA is the hereditary material	28
16635007358	Hershey-Chase Experiment	Used radioactive material to label DNA and protein; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material not proteins	29
16635007359	template strand	DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides	30
16635007360	complementary nucleotides	A-T G-C	31
16635007361	DNA directionality	one end has an exposed hydroxl group on the 3' carbon of deoxiribose and the other end has an exposed phosphate group on a 5' carbon	32
16635007362	DNA structure	consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine	33
16635007367	antiparellel strands		34
16635007363	Purine bases	have a double ring structure and include adenine and guanine.	35
16635007364	Pyrimidine bases	Single ring structure; Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil	36