Apes Vocab Flashcards

14749219879	Aesthetic justification	An argument for the conservation of nature on the grounds that nature is beautiful and that beauty is important and valuable to people.	0
14749219880	utilitarian justification	some aspect of the environment is valuable because it benefits individuals economically or is directly necessary to human survival	1
14749219881	ecological justification	an ecosystem is necessary for the survival of some species of interest to us, or that the system itself provides some benefit	2
14749219882	moral justification	An argument for the conservation of nature on the grounds that aspects of the environment have a right to exist	3
14749219883	cultural justification	With respect to environmental values refers to the fact that different cultures have many of the same values but differ in others.	4
14749219884	carrying capacity	The largest population that an area can support	5
14749219885	Gaia hypothesis	States that the environment on a global level has been changed for the better by life over the history of life on earth. Life regulates its own environment. (life will find a way)	6
14850004604	megacites	urban areas with 10 million+ inhabitants	7
14850017278	Precautionary Principle	when there is a threat of serious environmental damage, don't wait for scientific proof to act	8
14850027082	sustainability	harvesting a resource at a rate so that it is not depleted	9
14850036468	moratorium	a temporary ban	10
14850045546	DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)	chemical used as a pesticide which also thinned egg shells, causing a decline in bird populations	11
14850062767	scientific method	A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.	12
14850111615	observations	information collected by the five senses	13
14850114571	inferences	generalizations that arise from a set of observations	14
14850123874	hypothesis	a statement that can be disproved	15
14850131520	dependent variable =	responding variable	16
14850135928	independent variable =	manipulated variable	17
14850144854	Quantitative vs. Qualitative	Numbers vs. Description	18
14850148804	controlled experiment	only one variable is changed	19
14850155428	operational definition	describing a variable in exact terms that all scientists can understand	20
14850163784	inductive reasoning	generalizing based on a pattern or trend	21
14850169074	deductive reasoning	reasoning based on logic or mathematics	22
14850177384	syllogism	a series of logically connected statements	23
14850187160	scientific theory	relates and explains many observations and is supported by lots of evidence	24
14850200197	model	a deliberately simplified construct of nature	25
14850212543	historical data types:	written, tree rings, buried (fossils)	26
14850223558	deductive statement	the conclusion is absolutely true	27
14850231099	experimental errors	measurement uncertainties and other possible experimental errors	28
14850244082	systematic error	errors that occur consistently	29
14850254365	accuracy	is it right	30
14850256859	precision	is it consistent	31
14850258655	policymakers	people who make environmental decisions (NOT scientists)	32
14850268379	objectivity	science free of personal values/deals only with objective facts (a myth because all scientists have biases)	33
14850316956	paradigm shift	new information which reveals that the current scientific fundamentals must change	34
14850316957	pseudoscientific	based on faulty reasoning	35
14850316958	fringe science	farther out ideas not generally accepted by the scientific community	36
14850289793	environmentalism foundations	ecology, engineering, economics	37
14850360700	environmental economics	how to persuade society to act in a way that benefits the environment	38
14850367100	policy instruments	what we do, what we can do, and how we do it	39
14850370926	tangible factor	In economics, something you can touch, buy and sell.	40
14850375307	intangible factor	In economics, an intangible factor is one you can't touch directly, but you value it.	41
14850394090	public service functions	when nature sustains our renewable resources without our help	42
14850403961	natural capitol	ecological systems that perform public service functions	43
14850410658	Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)	is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive abruptly disappear, which affects agricultural practices	44
14850421897	girdling	cutting through the bark of a tree all the way around the trunk	45
14850432512	tragedy of commons	when a lot of people need a resource, people will often use more than their share (Garrett Hardin)	46
14850449612	commons	land or resource owned publicly	47
14850462299	maximum profit	the most profit a company can create in the short term even if it means acting unethically	48
14850473333	Externality (indirect cost)	costs or benefits that don't show up in the price tag	49
14850482377	direct costs	obtaining, processing, and distributing product cost	50
14850490803	unity	quality of wholeness of a landscape if it is one unit or a compilation of features	51
14850499860	vividness	qualities that make a landscape visibly striking	52
14850518353	risk-benefit analysis	weighing possible consequences of an action to the possible rewards	53
14850528419	Rand Corporation Study	considered preventative measures for heart attacks using risk benefit analysis	54
14850536073	US Toxic Substances Control Act	no one may manufacture or process chemicals without obtaining clearance from the EPA	55
14868282278	When did salmon fishing peak in the US?	The 1920s	56
14868291116	Salmon are protected under the...	US Endangered Species Act of 1973	57
14868307377	four main causes of salmon population decline:	overfishing, forest logging (destroys spawning and breeding habitat), dam construction(interferes with migration), sea lions	58
14868333715	how much does the world's population increase each year?	70 million+	59
14868343232	world population	7.4 billion	60
14868351113	how many people can the world support?	2.5 billion to 40 billion (depending on lifestyle)	61
14868363209	environmental science main topics:	urbanization, population, and sustainability	62
14868428599	Who is Rachel Carson?	Author of Silent Spring (book which first brought attention to environmental issues)	63
14868454141	malnutrition contributes to the death of how many children per year?	about 6 million	64
14868494951	Sustainable ecosystem	An ecosystem that can survive and thrive without human input	65
14868546575	sustainable global economy five attributes	1. populations (humans +other organisms) 2. safe energy policy 3. renewable resource plan 4. nonrenewable resource plan 5. social, legal, and political system that supports sustainability	66
14868577284	new pardigm 5 points	1. evolutionary, not revolutionary 2. inclusive, not exclusive 3. proactive, not reactive 4. attracting, not attacking 5. assisting the disadvantaged, not taking advantage	67
14868594741	desirable human carrying capacity	-amount of people the Earth can sustain while maintaining a comfortable lifestyle -about 15 million	68
14868610569	Gaia hypothesis originators	James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis	69
14868651314	who treads lighter on the environment: city dwellers or country folk?	city dwellers	70
14868673771	scientific question standards (9)	clarity, accuracy(true?), precision(can it be exactly measured?), relevance, depth(complexities), breadth(other POV), logic, significance, fairness	71
14868700336	cognitive learning	memory, judgement, synthesis, and learning	72
14868704284	Bloom's Taxonomy	levels of cognitive thinking classified as: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation	73
14868727018	What book did Charles Darwin write?	On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection	74
14868734918	Rio Earth Summit (1992)	-on sustainable development was to address global environmental problems of both developed and developing countries. -introduced Precautionary Principle	75
14868750970	What gas is most abundant in the atmosphere?	Nitrogen- 78%	76
14868756604	what is most abundant in soil?	minerals- 45%	77
14868760787	what are the four most abundant elements of the earth's crust?	Oxygen-46% Silicon- 28% Aluminum- 8% Iron- 6%	78
14868774946	what are the core and mantle of the earth made of?	iron	79
14868779232	what percentage of the earth's water is salt and fresh water?	97% saltwater 3% freshwater	80
14868786419	where is freshwater distributed?	77.28% ice/glaciers 22.22% groundwater .47% surface bodies .03% atmosphere	81
14868795744	which are the five most concentrated greenhouse gases?	H20, CO2, CH4, CFCs, and N2O	82
14868805433	most polluted lake in the world	Karachay Lake in Russia (nuclear waste)	83
14868807500	Most polluted lake in U.S.	Onondanga Lake in NY (sewage and industrial dumping)	84
14868810936	most eaten grain	corn, rice, wheat	85
14868814831	cities most impacted by sea level rise	Guangzhou, Miami, NYC, New Orleans, Mumbai, Nagoya	86
14868819029	highest 3 populations in the world	China (1.4 billion) India (1.3 billion) US (325 million)	87
14868825817	highest population density/mile	Macau (china)	88
14868828385	highest carbon dioxide emission	coal	89
14868830354	highest global warming potential	CFCs, N2O, CH4, CO2, H2O	90
14868831544	Albedo	Ability of a surface to reflect light (highest is fresh snow)	91
14855958265	Who created the scientific method?	Francis Bacon (also Galileo and Gilbert)	92
14856275302	andrea barns	tried to prove the earth was flat by finding the edge (DOES NOT EXIST)	93
14874700871	First superfund site	love canal	94
14874700872	first national park	Yellowstone	95
14874700873	first president setting aside land for conservation	Theodore Roosevelt	96
14874700874	First cloned mammal	Dolly the sheep	97
14874700875	First GMO crop	FlavrSavr delayed ripening tomato (1994)	98
14874700876	first oil well	Drake oil well in pennsylvania (1859)	99
14874700877	largest carbon reservoir	sedimentary rock	100
14874700878	largest carbon sink	ocean	101
14874700879	largest country energy consumption	China, US, India	102
14874700880	Largest per capita energy consumption	Canada, US, Australia	103
14874700881	largest coal reserves	US, Russia, China, and India	104
14874700882	largest oil reserves	Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada	105
14874700883	largest tar sands deposit	venezuela, canada	106
14874700884	Largest meat consumer	us	107
14874700885	largest renewable energy growth in the US	wind	108
14874700886	largest cause of decline in biodiversity	habitat destruction	109
14883345870	Largest dam in the world	Three Gorges Dam, China	110
14883351801	largest dam in US	Oroville Dam in California	111
14883356450	Aquifer	An underground formation that contains groundwater	112
14883364047	Largest aquifer	Ogallala in central US	113
14883368519	Largest rainforest	Amazon	114
14883373732	deepest lake	Lake Baikal	115
14883377046	Longest river in the world	Nile River	116
14883377047	Longest river in the US	Missouri River	117
14883393322	largest watershed in the US	Mississippi River Basin	118
14883401263	worst invasive species	nile perch, european common rabbit, cane toad, burmese python, snakehead fish, kudzu, asian mosquito	119
14883431600	worst global nuclear accidents	Chernobyl and Fukushima	120
14883437356	worst US nuclear accident	Three Mile Island	121
14883441292	worst oil spills	Exxon Valdez, Deepwater Horizon	122
14883444621	worst industrial disaster	Bhopal, India	123
14900279588	by 2025, about how much of the population will live in cities?	2/3	124
14900286330	population bomb	rapid growth of human population	125
14900292112	in the past 40 years, the population has...	doubled	126
14900304225	During which period of time has the Earth human population seen the greatest growth?	20th century	127
14900348546	why was the population density of the first farmers higher than the first hunters and gatherers?	more food was available	128
14900398394	when everyone agrees upon an inference, it is considered a	fact	129
14900410402	a proof	A logical argument that shows a statement is true.	130
15005575887	Richard Rice	-former chief economist at Conservation International -proposed solution to environmental damage is to make conservation a source of economic benefit	131
15005609772	when did modern environmental law begin?	the 1960s, with the start of the social and political movement "environmentalism"	132
15005633329	what are the two broad areas of environmental economics?	-controlling pollution and environmental damage -sustaining renewable resources	133
15005671068	pollinators pollinate about how much of crops?	$15 billion worth across 2 million acres in the Us	134
15005717802	public service functions of living things are estimated to provide how much in benefits?	$3 trillion to $33 trillion	135
15005732276	in the US, how much of forests are publicly owned?	38%	136
15005748354	questions to explain problem of the commons	-what is the appropriate public use of public lands? -should all public lands be open to all public uses? -should some public lands be protected from people?	137
15005802977	K species vs R species	long living, low producing vs rapidly reproducing	138
15005904386	economy worth	$75 trillion	139
15005927132	Kuzets Curve	a curve that shows how a community's average income affects environmental degration	140
15005956076	system	A group of parts that work together as a whole	141
15007699128	open system	matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings	142
15021970424	closed system	matter is not allowed to enter or leave	143
15021975217	materially closed system	no matter moves in and out of the system , although energy and information may move across the system's boundaries.	144
15021981643	inputs and outputs	an input is something new to a system, and the reaction to the input is the output	145
15022007189	static system	has a constant, fixed condition	146
15022012578	dynamic systems	changes continually over time	147
15022022335	classical stability	A system characterized by constant conditions that, if disturbed from those conditions, will return to it once the factor that disturbed the system has been removed.	148
15022026109	Equilibrium	A state of balance/ resting condition	149
15022036938	steady-state system	the inputs are equal to the outputs, so the amount stored within the system is constant	150
15022042483	Levees	narrow ridges of higher ground	151
15022053404	Average Residence Time (ART)	how long, on average, a unit of something will remain in a reservoir	152
15022064480	ART equation	volume of the reservoir(S) over the rate of its transfer through the reservoir (F) (S/F)	153
15022103274	MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether)	water pollutant added to gasoline to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide	154
15022117514	dynamic equilibrium (balance of nature)	natural systems, left undisturbed by people, tend toward some sort of steady state	155
15022133048	feedback	when the output of a system is a change that affects the input	156
15022157496	negative feedback	self regulating; when the output leads to a decrease in the next output (sweating)	157
15022169822	positive feedback	Feedback that leads to an increase in the output. (the output makes it worse)	158
15027459793	population in cities is what feedback?	both, because more oppurtunities leads to more people migrating there, but overcrowding leads to people leaving	159
15027475395	flow	amount transferred	160
15027475464	flux	rate of transfer per unit time	161
15027480866	linear process	if you add the same amount of anything to a compartment of a system, the change will always be the same no matter what	162
15027492713	nonlinear process	the effect of adding a specific amount of something changes depending on how much has been added before	163
15027495727	lag time	the delay between a cause and the appearance of its effect (aka time between stimulus and response)	164
15027508986	biosphere	living planet	165
15027516770	the 4 input/output graph types	linear, positive exponential, negative exponential, and saturation (Michaelis Menton) curve	166
15027548856	exponential growth equation	N = No e^kt - No = present value - k = the fixed rate something is increasing or decreasing over time	167
15027595069	exponential growth	when the rate of change(slope) changes at a constant rate	168
15027610780	saturation (michaelis menton) curve	initial fast change followed by levelling off at the point of saturation	169
15040746561	irreversible consequences	consequences that may not be easily rectified on a human scale of decades or a few hundred years	170
15040746562	environmental unity	everything affects everything else	171
15040746563	Uniformitarianism	Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.	172
15040746564	James Hutton	Scottish Geologist, proposed uniformitarianism	173
15040746565	Earth System Science	a global perspective of life and the environment	174
15122266312	current human growth rate	1.1% (60-70 years to double)	175
15122279601	equation for doubling time	70/% growth rate	176
15122298992	what kind of system is the earth?	materially closed	177
15122303899	possible disadvantages of dams	control river flow, straightening the channel, and building levees	178
15122321212	6 major Missouri river dams	Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall, and Gavins Point (biggest dams built upstream)	179
15122340747	ecosystems	communities of living species and their physical environment in which nutrients and chemicals cycle and through which energy flows	180
15122374164	what pollution is the most difficult to clean up?	in large systems with slow transfer rates	181
15122384510	overshoots	when a population is growing too fast and exceeds the carrying capacity of an area, resulting in a collapse of the population	182
15122569389	uniformitarianism suggests human activity will ahve what affect on Earth's future?	very little effect because natural processes will still ontinue in spite of human activity	183
15122586521	global perspective	thinking about our entire planet's life-supporting and life-containing system	184
15122611729	the idea of "living Earth" can be traced back to	Roman times in the writing of Lucretius	185
15122621263	Hutton compared...	the cycling of nutrients of soil + rocks in rivers to the circulation of blood in an animal	186
15122653295	which part of the Gaia hypothesis is NOT largely accepted by the scientific community?	That life consciously controls the global environment	187