AP World History Chapter 11 Flashcards

14658943296	Middle Ages	The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century.	0
14658946413	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries.	1
14658948144	Manorialism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.	2
14658950499	Serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.	3
14658951796	Moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.	4
14658952670	Three-field system	System of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow.	5
14658956553	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom	6
14658958328	Carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.	7
14658958952	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.	8
14658960063	Charlemange	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany	9
14658961715	Holy Roman Emperors	Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.	10
14658962234	Vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	11
14658964289	William the Conqueror	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.	12
14658965575	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	13
14658966487	Parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.	14
14658967979	Three Estates	The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.	15
14658968777	Hundred Years War	Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	16
14658971586	Urban II	Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.	17
14658972546	Gregory VII	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.	18
14658973717	Investiture	Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.	19
14658974885	Aberlard, Peter	Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictiond within established doctrine	20
14658980021	Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.	21
14658981017	Aquinas, Thomas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	22
14658982102	Scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	23
14658983422	Gothic	An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls	24
14658984911	Hanseatic League	An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.	25
14658985824	Capitalism	Economic system based on profit-seeking, private ownership, and investment	26
14658989380	Guilds	Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities	27
14658991111	Black Death	Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	28