Expected Output
aggregate private spending (A)
- A(Y,T,r) = C(Y-T) + I(Y,r)
- Y = C(Y-T) + I(Y,r) + G = A(Y,T,r) + G
- increasing function of income (Y)
- decreasing function of taxes, real interest
- higher taxes >> less consumption >> less private spending
- higher interest rates >> less willing to invest >> investment decreases >> less private spending
- include expectations >> Y = A(Y,T,r,Ye,Te,re) + G
- increase current/expected income >> increase private spending
- increase current/expected taxes or real interest >> decrease spending
- steeper than previous IS curve
- w/ expectations being considered, changes in current values don't affect output as much as before
- changes in Y, r >> move along curve
- chanages in T, G, expected values >> shift curve
LM relation - doesn't change w/ expectations
- M/P = Y L(i)
- money supply equals money demand
- how much money consumer wants to hold depends only on current level of transactions, not expected transactions in the future
- opportunity cost of holding money depends only on current nominal interest rate
- IS relation
- LM relation
- large changes in interest produce much smaller changes in output w/ steeper IS relation
Subject:
Economics [1]
Subject X2:
Economics [1]