vacuoles - central storage compartment  

• plants contain central vacuole to store water, sugars, ions, pigments
• applies pressure to the plasma membrane, increasing surface area-to-volume ratio
• also found in some types of fungi/protists

cell walls - found in plants, fungi, some protists 

• protect/support cell
• chemically/structurally different from prokaryotic cell walls
• cellulose found in plant/protist cell walls
• chitin found in fungi cell walls
• primary walls - plant cell walls laid down when the cell is still growing
• middle lamella - sticky substance holding adjacent plant cells together
• secondary walls - deposited inside the primary walls of fully expanded cells

extracellular matrix (ECM) - substitute cell wall used by animals 

• composed of glycoproteins
• contains lots of collagen (same protein found in nails/hair)
• web of collagen, elastin, proteoglycan form a protective layer over the surface
• fibronectin - attaches the extracellular matrix to the plasma membrane
• integrins - proteins extending through the plasma membrane, linking the ECM w/ the cytoplasm

intracellular cell mov't - endomembrane system only effective over short distances 

• 4 components of high speed intracellular mov't
  • vesicle/organelle to be moved
  • motor molecule that moves
  • connector molecule that connects vesicle to the motor molecule
  • microtubules on which the vesicle will ride like a train
• motor molecules use ATP to drag transport vesicles across the microtubule tracks (ex. dynein, kinesin)

cell mov't - depends on actin filaments, microtubules, or both 

• can change shape quickly due to actin filaments
• polymerization/extension of actin filaments force the cell forward
• myosin motors in the actin filaments pull the cell towards the extended front edge
• 9 + 2 structure - circle of 9 microtubule pairs that undulates to move the cell
• basal body - area from which the flagellum's microtubules are derived; located just below the point where the flagellum extends from the cell
• cilia - short cellular projections organized in rows