cytology - study of cellular structure/function  

• uses light microscopy, electron microscopy, cell chemistry

prokaryotes - no nucleus or organelles  

• organelles - structures of macromolecules w/ special functions
• cytoplasm - liquid inside the plasma membrane
• cell wall - surrounds the membrane, covered by a gelatinous capsule
• appendages - flagella/pili; used for mov't and attachment
• ribosomes - used for protein synthesis
• mesosomes - internal extensions of membrane
• chromatin bodies - DNA concentrations

Cyanobacteria - largest prokaryotes  

• aka blue-green algae
• thylakoids - green pigments for chloroplasts
• mucilaginous sheath - surrounds cyanobacteria

eukaryotes - contain nuclei and organelles  

• chloroplasts - where photosynthesis takes place; chlorophyll pigment gives it its green color
• mitochondria - where aerobic respiration takes place; folds inward to form critae (where respiration enzymes are located)
• protoplast - collective name for all material/organelles within the membrane

plant cells  

• cellulose - carboyhydrate material in plant cell walls
• central vacuole - contains mostly water, held together by cauolar membrane; takes up 90% of cell
• nucleolus - dense, dark spot in the nucleus
• cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis) - mov't of chloroplasts due to cytoplasm
• primary cell wall - outer part of cell wall
• middle lamella - substance holding adjacent cell walls together
• plasmodesmata - cytoplasmic strands penetrating the cell walls; links the protoplasms of adjacent cells

plastids - organelles where food is made  

• mitochondria/chloroplasts are examples
• amyloplasts - plastids that store starch; stains darkly w/ iodine

animal cells  

• epithelial cells - from inner surface of mouth
• have mitochondria in place of chloroplasts

protists - kingdom of eukaryotic, single-celled organisms  

• amoeba - irregularly shaped protist
  • move w/ amoeboid mov't, using pseudopodia (temporary cell protrusions)
  • surrounds food particles to digest
  • contractile vacuole - gathers, expels water/waste
• paramecium
  • gullet - where food enters
  • micro/macronucleus
  • cilia - hair-like appendages, used for mov't