representative plants - split into 3 groups

• non-vascular plants - liverworts, mosses, hornworts
• vascular, non-seed plants - ferns, fern allies
• vascular, seed plants - gymnosperms, angiosperms

non-vascular plants - lack vascular tissue, true roots, stems, leaves

• rhizoids - root-like structures that anchor the plant
• antheridia - produces swimming sperm
• archegonia - produces eggs
• gametophyte = dominant generation
  • produces gametes through mitosis
• sporophyte = dependent generation
  • produces spores through meiosis

phylum Hepaticophyta - liverworts

• earliest known land plants
• gametophyte
  • thallus - leaf-like structure, flattened and bilaterally symmetrical
• asexual reproduction through fragmentation or gemmae production
• sexual reproduction within the archegonia
• sporophyte not capable of photosynthesis
  • must stay attached to the gametophyte

phylum Bryophyta - mosses

• gametophyte - radially symmetrical thallus
  • less water-dependent than liverwort
  • only 1-cell thick in most parts
• asexual reproduction through fragmentation only
• sexual reproduction similar to that of liverworts
• sporophyte - capsule extending on top of the moss
  • more prominent than in liverwort

anthocerophyta - hornworts

• archegonia imbedded in the thallus
• sporophyte - horn-shaped structure protruding from thallus