Gerunds - a verb that is used as a noun

• ends in -ing
• has 6 functions
• 1. Subject - Playing is fun. Staring at people is impolite. Completing this is my first priority.
• 2. Predicate Nominative (predicate noun) - follows a linking verb and renames the subject; My hobby is webmastering. Your job is teaching.
• 3. Direct Object - follows an action verb; I love racing. I hate reading. Do you enjoy taking notes? He likes fooling people.
• 4. Indirect Object - must be used with a direct object; You should give listening your full attention. Give reading a chance.
• 5. Object of a Preposition - follows a preposition and completes the prepositional phraseDon't you get tired of playing? What's the best profession besides teaching?
• 6. Appositive - renames another nounHis job, protecting the innocent, requires 10 hour workdays.

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Participles - a verb used as an adjective  

• ends most commonly in -ing or -ed
• should be placed close to the noun that it modifies
• I like my martinis shaken, not stirred. The crying adult needed counseling.

Participial phrases - a phrase that includes a participle, modifying a noun  

• Racing across the field, he scored the winning goal.
• The boys, scared to death, tried to hide from the monster.