Chapter 24
Industrialization and Imperialism:
The Making of the European Global Order
- I. Introduction
- A. Change in Europe’s relationship with world
- 1. Change in goods – no longer spices/mfg goods, but natural resources for machines
- 2. Trade balance shifts
- a. Need for markets for Europe mfg products
- b. 1840 exported more than imported – finally, people want to buy Europe stuff
- 3. Reasons for expansion
- a. Missionaries no longer state sponsored
- i. Europe no longer threatened by anyone
- b. European rivalries now fueled expansion
- a. Missionaries no longer state sponsored
- 4. Ability to control empire
- a. Industrialization gave Europe power to control center
- b. Steamships/railways put everyone in reach of European landgrab
- A. Change in Europe’s relationship with world
- II. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
- A. Introduction
- 1. Initially limited interest of Europeans to control regions – too expensive
- 2. Communication realities prevented centralized control – led to local administration
- B. Prototype: The Dutch Advance on Java
- 1. Initially Dutch paid tribute to Mataram sultans
- a. Dutch East India Co. worked w/in system
- 2. Later - backed Mataram sultans in intertribal conflicts
- a. Every time Dutch helped out, they demanded more land
- i. Dutch backing needed due to their organization, weapons, discipline
- ii. Finally in 1750s, they’d given up everything
- a. Every time Dutch helped out, they demanded more land
- 1. Initially Dutch paid tribute to Mataram sultans
- C. Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India
- 1. Initially British East India Company worked with rulers
- 2. Later – backed territorial claims, princes used Europeans to settle disputes
- b. The usees then become the users
- 3. Unlike Dutch however, British Raj (gov’t) came from French/British rivalries
- a. 1700s – France/Britain in 5 wars, British won them all, but US
- 4. Key battle – 1757 Plassey
- a. 3000 British under Robert Clive defeat 50,000 Indians
- b. Victory not merely based on numbers issue
- i. Brits used Hindu banker money to pay off Indians
- ii. Method of getting back at Muslims
- c. Teenage nawab Siraj doesn’t have control of force
- i. they defect or refuse to fight
- D. The Consolidation of British Rule
- 1. Mughal Empire gradually breaks down under wars with East India Company
- a. As Brits took more land, Indian princes fought other lands to get territory
- i. India reduced India
- a. As Brits took more land, Indian princes fought other lands to get territory
- 2. British control
- a. Madras, Bombay, Calcutta – administrative centers of three presidencies
- b. Local leaders of princely states had to report to British administrators
- 3. Reasons for British takeover
- a. Muslims/Hindus don’t unite under national identity
- b. Some Indians liked fighting for British – uniforms, weapons, pay, treatment
- i. 5 to 1 Indians serving British to actual British soldiers
- 4. India’s large population made it the key to great empire
- a. Indian soldiers used to conquer surrounding areas
- b. Became market for investments, manufactured goods
- c. Major source of raw materials
- 1. Mughal Empire gradually breaks down under wars with East India Company
- E. Early Colonial Society in India and Java
- 1. Initially maintained existing social structure
- a. Just placed traders/officials above existing system
- 2. Tried to bring Europe over to Asia, but not always with success
- a. Can’t do the whole Dutch canal thing in Indonesia with mosquitoes
- b. Adapted to varying degrees dress, eating, work habits
- i. Some refused…bad idea…wool clothes in S. East Asia
- ii. Adopted food, hookahs/water pipes, Indian dancing
- 3. Racial divide
- a. Society had racial discrimination
- b. But also…Europeans/Asians mixed – miscegenation – mostly men colonize
- 1. Initially maintained existing social structure
- F. Social Reform in the Colonies
- 1. Initially – maintained religion of existing group
- a. Kept Hindu caste system – refused entry to missionaries
- 2. But…nabobs – corrupt British leaders who made money while overseas
- a. in 1770 Bengal famine kills 1/3 population – obvious reforms needed
- b. Lord Charles Cornwallis – took out local autonomy – report directly to Britain
- i. But…also mistrusted Indians, made wholesale changes
- 3. Why the push for change?
- a. Utilitarians – England has best system – why not share?
- b. Evangelical religious revival – reform the heathens
- 4. How?
- a. Push for education
- b. Language
- c. Infusion of Western technology
- d. Get rid of sati – 1830s
- i. w/ help from western educated Indian leaders – Ram Mohun Roy
- ii. Threatened with physical punishment if they applied sati
- 5. Changes – transplanted Western industrial/political revolutions
- a. Western ideas, inventions, modes of organization, technology
- b. Drawn into global network
- c. At schools, model behavior on European exercise, reading, scientific learning
- d. Ironically…values taught to Indians, used against them later
- 1. Initially – maintained religion of existing group
- A. Introduction
- III. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
- A. Introduction
- 1. Science/industrial advantages led to European competition between states
- a. Beginning 19th century – Britain’s navy makes dominant
- b. Belgium, France, Germany, US competing for power
- 2. Reasons for colonial expansion
- a. Status as great power
- b. Raw materials
- c. Markets for manufactured goods – needed to keep economies growing
- i. European countries suffering from overproduction and unemployment
- d. Colonies could be destinations for unemployed
- i. markets for surplus goods
- 3. Central political leaders took more direct control over running colonies
- a. improved communication – telegraph
- b. No longer could an explorer alone ratify agreements
- i. led to fierce parliamentary debates
- 4. Public opinion important
- a. mass journalism
- b. extension of the vote – universal manhood suffrage
- 1. Science/industrial advantages led to European competition between states
- B. Unequal Combat: Colonial Wars and the Apex of European Imperialism
- 1. Advances due to Industrial Revolution
- a. Access to minerals others didn’t know existed
- b. Chemists create even more powerful explosives
- c. Metallurgy – mass production of mobile artillery
- d. More accurate hand weapons
- e. Machine gun as effective battlefield weapon
- f. Improved ships
- i. Steam engines, iron hulls, massive guns
- 2. Areas of Africa/Pacific Islands fought with spears, arrows, leather shields
- 3. Some areas resisted
- a. Vietnamese guerillas fought back when leaders refused
- b. Zulus defeated British at Isandhlwana in 1879
- c. But…eventually they would lose…win the battle, but no way they can win war
- 4. Only successful methods of resistance
- a. guerrilla warfare, sabotage, banditry only match for superior weapons
- b. Sometimes spiritual leaders gave encouragement to locals
- 1. Advances due to Industrial Revolution
- A. Introduction
- IV. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
- A. Introduction
- 1. Tropical dependencies – small # of Europeans rule a ton of locals
- a. Brought under rule suddenly late 19th/early 20th century
- 2. Settlement colonies –
- a. White Dominions – huge % of land, low % of population
- b. Small # of natives, whites majority
- i. Natives killed by disease/wars of conquest
- c. US, Canada, Australia, Chile, Argentina
- 3. Third type – settlement colony variation
- a. Large indigenous population + large # of immigrants
- i. S. Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii, Algeria, Kenya
- b. Numerous clashes over land rights
- a. Large indigenous population + large # of immigrants
- 1. Tropical dependencies – small # of Europeans rule a ton of locals
- B. Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies
- 1. Followed pattern of India
- a. Played ethnic/cultural divisions against one another
- b. West/East Africa – Animists and Christians vs. Muslims
- c. These divisions called “tribes” – dehumanizing
- 2. Whites lived in capital/provincial cities
- a. Local leaders then reported to Europeans
- i. Some Western educated
- a. Local leaders then reported to Europeans
- 3. But…education not as pushed in Africa – racism
- a. Lack of college graduates – lack of a middle class
- i. Learned from mistakes – educated classes in other colonies start revolts
- a. Want jobs beyond their capacity and get annoyed
- i. Learned from mistakes – educated classes in other colonies start revolts
- a. Lack of college graduates – lack of a middle class
- 1. Followed pattern of India
- C. Changing Social Relations Between Colonizer and Colonized
- 1. As time passed, Europeans became more isolated from locals
- a. Women were brought over
- i. Safer conditions – health care/segregated living quarters
- ii.Discouraged interaction with locals – brothels attended less
- b. Whose fault, female or male?
- i. Males
- a. Passed laws against miscegenation
- b. Kept contacts between white women and locals to minimum
- ii. Women
- a. Had native nannies or servants
- i. Males
- c. Only interaction with high ranking natives was at formal occasions
- d. Notions of white racial superiority – late 19th century
- i. Ranking of races put whites on top – Darwinism gone wrong
- ii. Differences between ruler and ruled was inherent
- iii. So what’s the point in interacting – you really can’t change them
- e. Recreated European life, and spent summers in hill communities
- a. Women were brought over
- 1. As time passed, Europeans became more isolated from locals
- D. Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction
- 1. Attempts to expand export production
- a. Teach natives scientific management and encourage to work harder
- b. Incentives
- i. More money to buy cheap consumer goods
- ii. Head/hut taxes must be paid from ivory, palm nuts or wages
- a. Congo – flogged and killed if didn’t reach quotas
- b. Women and children held hostage
- c. Infrastructure created for sole purpose of moving natural resources
- d. New areas of cultivation and mining
- 2. Raw materials shipped by merchants to be processed in Europe
- a. Finished goods sold to Europeans
- b. Local economies don’t benefit from entire process
- c. Exist for the purpose of making Europeans able to buy cheap, cool stuff
- 3. So…not only were they subjugated politically and socially, but also economically
- a. Hey…that would be a great essay question
- 1. Attempts to expand export production
- E. Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific
- 1. Adopted many of the economic/political practices of tropical dependencies
- 2. Settler colonies before 19th century usually wiped out native populuations
- a. Disease and battle
- 3. Those formed after 19th century had much larger native populations
- a. Not killed off by disease – immunities built up over time
- b. Settlers had far more clashes with locals over territorial claims
- F. South Africa
- 1. Dutch colony initially set up as way station/halfway point to India
- 2. But…Boers (farmers) started moving inland
- a. Subjugated local Khoikhoi peoples
- 1. Miscegenation ensued creating “colored” population
- a. Subjugated local Khoikhoi peoples
- 3.When British take over in 1800s they are totally different than Boers
- a. Boers more rural, speak different language
- 1. Didn’t have all the benefits of scientific, industrial, urban revolutions
- b. Had slaves, British missionaries trying to get rid of slavery
- a. Boers more rural, speak different language
- 4. Boers felt pressure and move further inland
- a. Come into contact with established Bantus – Zulus and Xhosa
- b. British forced at times to come in on side of the Boers
- c. Boers try to create to Boer Republics in 1850s
- 1. Orange Free State and Transvaal
- 2. Ran themselves until diamonds were discovered - 1867
- i. Amazingly…British now very interested
- ii. Initially Boers won first war in 1881
- 3. But…more British moved in when gold discovered in 1885
- 4. All out Boer War from 1899-1902
- i. Who would control access to the mines?
- ii. British eventually win, but feel guilty for treating Boers like garbage
- 5. Settler minority then controls native Africans
- G. Pacific Tragedies
- 1. Introduction
- a. Demographic disasters/social disruptions similar to European first contacts
- 1. Lived isolated, no immunities to diseases
- 2. Vulnerable to outside influences
- a. New religions, sexual behaviors, weapons, cheap goods
- b. Led to social disintegration and widespread suffering
- 1. Agents of change – whalers, merchants, missionaries, administrators
- 2. New Zealand/Hawaii – large native populations
- c. Solutions
- 1. Accommodation – combined some old with new
- 2. Revival of traditional beliefs/practices
- a. Demographic disasters/social disruptions similar to European first contacts
- 2. New Zealand
- a. Maori tribes destroyed
- 1. Prostitution, alcoholism, superior deadly weapons disrupted warfare
- 2. Smallpox, TB, and cold killed them
- 3. Changed agriculture – used Western tools/practices to farm
- b. Europeans return in 1850s to take over
- 1. Dominate farm areas
- 2. Maori fight back, but defenseless against weapons/disease
- 3. Eventually survived by using British laws/legal system
- 4. Became a multiracial society
- a. Maori tribes destroyed
- 3. Hawaii
- a. Claimed by British in 1843, but US in 1898
- 1. Discovered by Captain James Cook – Spanish
- i. Eventually killed over nails in ship
- 2. King Kamehameha used Western weapons/methods to take kingdom
- 1. Discovered by Captain James Cook – Spanish
- b. Women had power until Christian missionaries encouraged conservatism
- c. Population declines from ½ million to 80,000
- 1. Chinese laborers imported
- d. Turned to commercial crops – sugar
- 1. Some missionaries turned to capitalism
- e. American planters/naval base encouraged US to annex
- 1. Protect American lives by posting troops in Honolulu
- f. Unique status of Hawaii
- 1. not enslaved – racism not as big a deal
- 2. arrival of Asian immigrants
- 3. colonization finalized
- a. Claimed by British in 1843, but US in 1898
- 1. Introduction
- A. Introduction
- V. Global Connections
- A. Industrial Revolution gave motives and means for taking over Asia and Africa
- 1. If they didn’t directly control it, the indirectly controlled through threat of military
- a. Global order based around helping their industrialized societies
- 2. Communication, commercial and transportation networks key
- 3. Unprecedented flow of food/materials from Africa, Asia, Latin America to N. America and Europe
- a. Existed to support Europe
- b. Europe/West provided capital and machines to control local industry
- c. Western culture exported – manners, fashions, literary forms, entertainment
- 1. If they didn’t directly control it, the indirectly controlled through threat of military
- B. Europeans believed it was their God-given right
- 1. Initially put down revolts with violence
- 2. But…western trained locals became leaders of future revolts – nationalists
- a. Used language/communication to organize resistance
- A. Industrial Revolution gave motives and means for taking over Asia and Africa