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| 713157882 | AEF | American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917. | |
| 713157883 | Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty | One of the more controversial articles, it dealt with the legal liability of Germany vs. the moral liability. | |
| 713157884 | Article X of the Versailles Treaty | Created the League of Nations | |
| 713157885 | Bernard Baruch | Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918. | |
| 713157886 | Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando | Leaders of the four most influential countries after World War I - U.S., Britain, France and Italy, respectively. | |
| 713157887 | Black migration to Northern cities | During WWI, southern Blacks began to move north, where there were more jobs and less racism. The increased number of Blacks led to a White backlash and conditions like Southern racism. | |
| 713157888 | Bond drives | Celebrities and government representatives traveled around the U.S. selling government bonds to raise money for the war effort. Extremely successful in raising funds. | |
| 713157889 | British blockade | Declared a loose, ineffectual and hence illegal blockade, it defined a broad list of contraband which was not to be shipped to Germany by neutral countries. | |
| 713157890 | Collective security | An Article 10 provision of the League charter, it stated that if one country was involved in a confrontation, other nations would support it. Collective security is agreements between countries for mutual defense and to discourage aggression. | |
| 713157891 | Congressional elections of 1918 | The 66th Congress, under President Wilson. He begged people to elect Democrats so that they could support his foreign policy initiatives in Congress, but the public rejected him. The senate had 47 Democrats and 49 Republicans and the House had 216 Democrats, 210 Republicans and 6 others. | |
| 713157892 | Creel Committee | Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty. | |
| 713157893 | Election of 1916: Hughes, Wilson, issues | The Democrats emphasized a program of domestic reform. Charles Evans Hughes left the Supreme Court to challenge Wilson, a democrat. | |
| 713157894 | Election of 1920 | Harding. | |
| 713157895 | Espionage Act, 1917; Sedition Act, 1918 | Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy. | |
| 713157896 | Eugene V. Debs imprisoned | Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act. | |
| 713157897 | Fourteen Points | Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations. | |
| 713157898 | Herbert Hoover, Food Administration | He led the Food Administration and started many programs to streamline food production and distribution. | |
| 713157899 | "Irreconcilable": Borah, Johnson, La Follette | Some Senators would have been willing to support the League of Nations if certain reservations were made to the treaty. The "Irreconcilables" voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations. | |
| 713157900 | League of Nations | Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court. | |
| 713157901 | Lusitania, Arabic pledge, Sussex pledge | May 7, 1915 - British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, but the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war. Germany promised to stop submarine warfare. | |
| 713157902 | "Make the world safe for democracy" | Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI. | |
| 713157903 | Mandate system | A half-way system between outright imperial domination and independence, it was used to split Germany's empire after WW I. | |
| 713157904 | New nations, self-determination | After WW I, Germany, Eastern Europe and the western portion of the former Russian Empire split into new countries. Wilson wanted them to have their own governments. | |
| 713157905 | Red Scare, Palmer Raids | In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S., and Americans feared Communism. In January, 1920, Palmer raids in 33 cities broke into meeting halls and homes without warrants. 4,000 "Communists" were jailed, some were deported. | |
| 713157906 | Reparations | As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a severe depression in Germany. | |
| 713157907 | Selective service | 1917 - Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary. | |
| 713157908 | Senate rejection, (Senator Henry Cabot) Lodge, reservations | Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty. | |
| 713157909 | Strikes: 1919, coal, steel, police | In September, 1919, Boston police went on strike, then 350,000 steel workers went on strike. This badly damaged the unions. | |
| 713157910 | Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente. | |
| 713157911 | Triple Entente | Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection. | |
| 713157912 | Unrestricted submarine warfare | This was the German practice of attacking any and all shipping to countries it was at war with. It annoyed neutral countries. | |
| 713157913 | Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty | The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany. | |
| 713157914 | War declared, April 1917 | U.S. declared war on Germany due to the Zimmerman telegram and the attack on the Lusitania. | |
| 713157915 | War Industries Board | The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for goods and direct American industries in what to produce. | |
| 713157916 | Wartime manpower losses | WWI involved violent, modern weapons and old fighting styles. With so many men at war, nations needed other people to work in the factories and other wartime industries. | |
| 713157917 | Zimmermann Note | 1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile. | |
| 713157918 | Abrams V. US | was a decision of the United States Supreme Court involving the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a criminal offense to criticize the U.S. federal government. The Court ruled 7-2 that the Act did not violate civil rights under the First Amendment, with Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis dissenting. The case was overturned during the Vietnam War era. | |
| 713157919 | Bailey v. Drexel Furniture CO | As an exercise of its taxing powers Congress enacted the Revenue Act of 1919, also called the Child Labor Tax Law. Under the law, companies employing children less than fourteen years of age would be assessed ten percent of their annual profits. During the same year in which the act was passed, Drexel Furniture Company was found in violation of it and required to pay over $6000 in taxes, which it did under protest. | |
| 713157920 | Civil Rights Cases, 1883 | These state Supreme Court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction to Jim Crow laws. | |
| 713157921 | Danbury Hatters' Case | Decided in 1908 by the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1902 the hatters' union instituted a nationwide boycott of the products of a nonunion hat manufacturer in Danbury, Conn., and the manufacturer brought suit against the union for unlawfully combining to restrain trade in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Supreme Court held that the union was subject to an injunction and liable for the payment of treble damages. This precedent for federal court interference with labor activities was later modified by statutes. | |
| 713157922 | Hammer v. Dagenhart | The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act prohibited the interstate shipment of goods produced by child labor. Reuben Dagenhart's father had sued on behalf of his freedom to allow his fourteen year old son to work in a textile mill. | |
| 713157923 | In Re Debs, 1895 | The injunction had been issued because of the violent nature of the strike. However, Debs refused to end the strike and was subsequently cited for contempt of court; he appealed the decision to the courts. | |
| 713157924 | Insular Cases, 1901, 1903, 1904 | Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens. | |
| 713157925 | Legal Tender Cases 1870, 1871 | affirmed the constitutionality of paper money. In the 1870 case of Hepburn v. Griswold, the Court had held that paper money violated the United States Constitution. The Legal Tender Cases reversed Hepburn, beginning with Knox v. Lee and Parker v. Davis in 1871,[1] and then Juilliard v. Greenman in 1884.[2] | |
| 713157926 | Lochner v. New York | The state of New York enacted a statute forbidding bakers to work more than 60 hours a week or 10 hours a day. | |
| 713157927 | Minor v. Happensett | 1875 - Limited the right to vote to men. | |
| 713157928 | Muller v. Oregon | Oregon enacted a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries. | |
| 713157929 | Northern Securities Case | The Supreme Court ordered this company to dissolve because it was a trust. | |
| 713157930 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1886 - Plessy was a black man who had been instructed by the NAACP to refuse to ride in the train car reserved for blacks. The NAACP hoped to force a court decision on segregation. However, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy and the NAACP, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality. | |
| 713157931 | Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 1895 | 1895 - The court ruled the income could not be taxed. In response, Congress passed the 16th Amendment which specifically allows taxation of income (ratified 1913). | |
| 713157932 | Schenck v. US | During World War I, Schenck mailed circulars to draftees. The circulars suggested that the draft was a monstrous wrong motivated by the capitalist system. The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. | |
| 713157933 | Slaughterhouse Cases | A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions. | |
| 713157934 | Standard Oil v. US, US v. American Tobacco Co., US v. US Steel Corporation | - 1911 - Supreme Court allowed restrictions on competition through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. -John D. Rockefeller owned the largest and richest trust in America. He controlled the nation's oil business and scorned congressional efforts to outlaw combinations in restraint of trade (i.e., antitrust). In 1909, a federal court found Rockefeller's company, Standard Oil, in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The court ordered the dissolution of the company | |
| 713157935 | Wabash, St.Louis & Pacific RR Co. v. Illinois | 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. | |
| 713157936 | Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey | 1920's sports heros, Ruth set the baseball record of 60 home runs in one season and Dempsey was the heavyweight boxing champion. | |
| 713157937 | Billy Sunday | Baseball player and preacher, his baseball background helped him become the most popular evangelist minister of the time. Part of the Fundamentalist revival of the 1920's. | |
| 713157938 | Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows | Advertising executive Barton called Jesus the "founder of modern business" because he picked men up from the bottom ranks and built a successful empire. | |
| 713157939 | Bureau of the Budget | Created in 1921, its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget, improving it and encouraging government efficiency. | |
| 713157940 | Cecil B. De Mille | Motion picture producer and director, he was famous for Biblical films and epic movies. | |
| 713157941 | Charles Lindbergh, Spirit of St. Louis | Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight. | |
| 713157942 | Election of 1920: candidates and running mates, issues | Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations. | |
| 713157943 | Election of 1924: candidates, Progressives | With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive La Follette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win. | |
| 713157944 | Election of 1928: candidates | Herbert Hoover, the Republican, was a Quaker from Iowa, orphaned at 10, who worked his way through Stanford University. He expounded nationalism and old values of success through individual hard work. Alfred E. Smith, the Democrat, was a Catholic from New York, of immigration stock and advocated social reform programs. | |
| 713157945 | Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms | He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 and told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I. | |
| 713157946 | Esch-Cummins Transportation Act | or Railroad Transportation Act, was a United States federal law that returned railroads to private operation after World War I, with much regulation.[1]It also officially encouraged private consolidation of railroads and mandated that the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ensure their profitability. | |
| 713157947 | F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby | Most critics regard this as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him. | |
| 713157948 | Federal Farm Board | Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought, flood, or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming. | |
| 713157949 | Fundamentalists | Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation. | |
| 713157950 | H.L. Mencken, The American Mercury | In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class. | |
| 713157951 | Harding scandals: Forbes, Daugherty, Fall-Teapot Dome, Sinclair | - Forbes served time for fraud and bribery in connection with government contracts. He took millions of dollars from the Veteran's Bureau. - Daugherty was implicated for accepting bribes. - Fall leased government land to the oil companies (Teapot Dome Scandal) and was convicted of accepting a bribe. -1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. - He leased government land to the oil companies and was forced to resign due to the investigation. He was acquitted on the bribery charges. | |
| 713157952 | Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes | Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals. | |
| 713157953 | Henry Ford, Model T, Alfred P. Sloan | 1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project. | |
| 713157954 | Immigration Acts, 1921, 1924, quota | 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890. 1924 - Limited the number of immigrants to 150,000 per year. | |
| 713157955 | James Weldon Johnson | American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music. | |
| 713157956 | KDKA Pittsburgh | is a radio station licensed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Created by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation on November 2, 1920, it is the world's first commercial radio station | |
| 713157957 | KKK | White-supremacist group formed by six former Confederate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915. | |
| 713157958 | Leopold and Loeb case | Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were convicted of killing a young boy, Bobby Franks, in Chicago just to see if they could get away with it. Defended by Clarence Darrow, they got life imprisonment. Both geniuses, they had decided to commit the perfect murder. The first use of the insanity defense in court. | |
| 713157959 | Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association | Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations. | |
| 713157960 | McNary-Haugen Bill, vetoes | The bill was a plan to raise the prices of farm products. The government could buy and sell the commodities at world price and tariff. Surplus sold abroad. It was vetoes twice by Coolidge. It was the forerunner of the 1930's agricultural programs. | |
| 713157961 | New woman, flappers | 1920's - Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men. | |
| 713157962 | Normalcy | Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I. | |
| 713157963 | Prohibition, Volstead Act, Al Capone | Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era. | |
| 713157964 | Rudolph Valentino, Charlie Chaplin | Valentino, a romantic leading man, was one of the most popular dramatic stars of silent films. Chaplin was a popular star of silent slap-stick comedies. | |
| 713157965 | Sacco and Venzetti case | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. | |
| 713157966 | Scopes trial, Darrow, Bryan | 1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism. | |
| 713157967 | Secretary of Treasury Mellon, tax cuts | An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton. | |
| 713157968 | Senator George Norris | He served in Congress for 40 years and is often called the Father of the Tennessee Valley Authority, a series of dams and power plants designed to bring electricity to some of the poorest areas of the U.S., like Appalachia. | |
| 713157969 | Sigmund Freud's theories | Sigmund Freud's work and theories helped shape our views of childhood, personality, memory, sexuality and therapy. | |
| 713157970 | Sinclair Lewis, Main Street, Babbit | He gained international fame for his novels attacking the weakness in American society. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town. Babbit (1922) focuses on a typical small business person's futile attempts to break loose from the confinements in the life of an American citizen. | |
| 713157971 | T.S.Elliot, The Waste Land | One of the most influential poets of the early 20th century, he had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to England after college and spent his adult life in Europe. The poem, written in 1922, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry. | |
| 713157972 | The Jazz Singer | 1927 - The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson. | |
| 713157973 | "the Lost Generation" | Writer Gertrude Stein named the new literary movement when she told Hemingway, "You are all a lost generation," referring to the many restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WW I. Hemingway used the quote in The Sun Also Rises. They thought that the U.S. was materialistic and the criticized conformity. | |
| 713157974 | Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy | Foremost American writer in the Naturalism movement, this book, written in 1925, criticized repressive, hypocritical society. It tells about a weak young man trying unsuccessfully to rise out of poverty into upper class society who is executed for the murder of his pregnant girlfriend. | |
| 713157975 | 5-5-3-1.75-1.75 ratio | These ratios were conceived on Dec 14, 1920 at the Washington Arms Conference. The numbers are the allowed amount of tonnage for each nations' supply of battleships. The ideal tonnage ratio for the countries were 5-US, 5-GB, 3-Japan, 1.75-France, 1.75 Italy. | |
| 713157976 | Dawes Plan | Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young. | |
| 713157977 | Four-Power Treaty | all parties agreement to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, by respecting the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement, not seeking further territorial expansion, and mutual consultation with each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions. However, the main result of the Four-Power Treaty was the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902. | |
| 713157978 | Kellogg-Briand Treaty | "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless. | |
| 713157979 | Lansing-Ishii Agreement | Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China. | |
| 713157980 | Twenty-one demands | were a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan underPrime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, resulting in two treaties with Japan on May 25, 1915. | |
| 713157981 | Versailles Treaty | The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany. | |
| 713157982 | Washington Disarmament Conference | The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies. | |
| 713157983 | World Court | The judicial arm of the League of Nations, supported by several presidents. | |
| 713157984 | Bonus Army | 1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there. | |
| 713157985 | Causes of the Depression | Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S. | |
| 713157986 | Election of 1932: candidates, issues | Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget. | |
| 713157987 | Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 | Pushed by Congress in 1922, it raised tariff rates. | |
| 713157988 | Good Neighbor Policy | Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations. | |
| 713157989 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression. | |
| 713157990 | "Hooverville" | Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression. | |
| 713157991 | Hoover Moratorium | June 30, 1931 - Acting on President Hoover's advice, the Allies suspended Germany's reparation payments for one year. | |
| 713157992 | Mexico's nationalization of oil | 1938 - Mexico nationalized oil fields along the Gulf of Mexico which had been owned by investors from the U.S., Britain, and the Netherlands because the companies refused to raise the wages of their Mexican employees. | |
| 713157993 | Norris-La Guardia Act | Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities. | |
| 713157994 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC | Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. | |
| 713157995 | 12th Amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. | |
| 713157996 | 21st Amendment | Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime. | |
| 713157997 | AAA, 2nd AAA | 1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. | |
| 713157998 | "bank holiday" | March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold. | |
| 713157999 | Brain Trust | Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet. | |
| 713158000 | CCC | Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps. | |
| 713158001 | FERA | Appropriated $500 million for aid to the poor to be distributed by state and local government. Harry Hopkins was the leader of FERA. | |
| 713158002 | CWA | Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member. | |
| 713158003 | PWA, Harold Ickes | Under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the PWA distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, ect. | |
| 713158004 | Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes | Began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court. In June a conservative justice retired and Roosevelt had an opportunity to make an appointment, shifting the Court's stance to support of New Deal legislation. | |
| 713158005 | CIO, John L. Lewis | Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935, they created coalition of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity. | |
| 713158006 | Coalition of Democratic Party | Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still received strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers. | |
| 713158007 | "Conservative coalition" in Congress | 1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legislators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the expansion of federal power. | |
| 713158008 | "Court packing" proposal | Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress. | |
| 713158009 | Deficit spending | FDR's admnistration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money. | |
| 713158010 | Dr. Francis Townsend | Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. | |
| 713158011 | Dust bowl, Okies, Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath | 1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. | |
| 713158012 | Eleanor Roosevelt | A strong first lady who supported civil rights. | |
| 713158013 | Election of 1936: candidates, issues | Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rebublican - Governor Alfred Landon, Union Party - William Lemke Issues were the New Deal (which Landon criticized as unconstitutional laws), a balanced budget, and low taxes. Roosevelt carried all states but Maine and Vermont. | |
| 713158014 | Emergency Banking Relief Act | March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. | |
| 713158015 | Fair labor Standards Act: maximum hours and minimum wage | June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents). | |
| 713158016 | Father Charles Coughlin | Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audiance of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-Semitism. | |
| 713158017 | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933. | |
| 713158018 | Federal Housing Authority | 1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair. | |
| 713158019 | Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor | The nation's first woman cabinet member. | |
| 713158020 | Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act | Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market. | |
| 713158021 | Gold Clause | It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin. | |
| 713158022 | Hatch Act | 1939 - Prohibited federal office holders from participating actively in political campaigns or soliciting or accepting contributions. | |
| 713158023 | Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) | in 1933 by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation Act under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its purpose was to refinance home mortgages currently in default to prevent foreclosure. This was accomplished by selling bonds to lenders in exchange for the home mortgages. | |
| 713158024 | Huey Long, Share the Wealth, Gerald L.K. Smith | The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society. | |
| 713158025 | Hundred Days | March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days. | |
| 713158026 | Indian Reorganization Act | 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. | |
| 713158027 | Keynesian economics | The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power. | |
| 713158028 | Liberty League | Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop. | |
| 713158029 | Literary Digest Poll | 1936- An inaccurate poll taken on upcoming the presidential election. It over-represented the wealthy and thus erroneously predicted a Republican victory. | |
| 713158030 | Miller-Tyding Poll/Act | 1937 - Amended anti-trust laws to allow agreements to resell products at fixed retail prices in situations involving sales of trademarked good to a company's retail dealers. | |
| 713158031 | Monetary policy, fiscal policy | In monetary policy, government manipulates the nation's money supply to control inflation and depression. In fiscal policy, the government uses taxing and spending programs (including deficit spending) to control inflation and depression. | |
| 713158032 | National Labor Relations Board | Created to insure fairness in labor-management relations and the mediate employers' disputes with unions. | |
| 713158033 | National Youth Administration | June 1935 - Established as part of the WPA to provide part-time jobs for high school and college students to enable them to stay in school and to help young adults not in school find jobs. | |
| 713158034 | NIRA | The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Industrial Recovery Administration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity. | |
| 713158035 | NRA | As part of the New Deal in the United States, the National Recovery Administration developed by Roosevelt and his Administration pushed industries to make codes and rules for "fair competition". It gave more rights to workers and employees, and assisted industries as well as poor unemployed people of the early 1930s. The NRA established minimum wages and maximum labor hours. The NRA was declared unconstitutional in 1935 by the US Supreme Court on the grounds that its codes were an illegal delegation of authority and invaded areas reserved for states. | |
| 713158036 | "The Blue Eagle", Hugh Johnson | -The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part." -Director of the NRA. | |
| 713158037 | Recognition of the USSR | November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing. | |
| 713158038 | "Relief, recovery, reform" | The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses. | |
| 713158039 | Revenue Act, 1935 | 1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes. | |
| 713158040 | Robinson-Patman Act | 1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination," whereby companies create a monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others. | |
| 713158041 | Rural Electrification Administration | May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies. | |
| 713158042 | Second New Deal | Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal. | |
| 713158043 | Section 7a of the NRA | Provided that workers had the right to join unions and to bargain collectively. | |
| 713158044 | Securities and Exchange Commission | 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. | |
| 713158045 | Sit down strikes | The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production. | |
| 713158046 | Social Security Act | One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer. | |
| 713158047 | Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act | 1936 - The second AAA appropriated funds for soil conservation paymnets to farmers who would remove land from production. | |
| 713158048 | TVA, Senator Norris | A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area. | |
| 713158049 | Wagner Act | May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board. | |
| 713158050 | Wickersham Commission | National Law Enforcement Commission, so named after its chair, George Wickersham, it was a national commission on law observance and enforcement created by Hoover in 1929. Its 1930 report recommended the repeal of Prohibition. | |
| 713158051 | WPA, Harry Hopkins, Federal Arts Project | The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories. |
