APUSH Chapter 15
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| 1080741152 | Thomas Paine/The Age of Reason | book written by Thomas Paine, stated that "All churches were set up to terrify and enslave mankind and monopolize power. In the Age of Reason, the authority of religion was denounced, rationale was valued over spiritualism | 0 | |
| 1080741153 | Deism | relied on rationale and freethinking over religious doctrines mostly, however, did not stop believing in a Supreme Being. Whoever that being is, he created Man to be able to think for himself | 1 | |
| 1080741155 | Unitarian | did not believe in the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit), but rather just one God. Even though Jesus was not deified, believed human nature is good, freewill is a good thing, and salvation was possible through charity | 2 | |
| 1080785361 | the Second Great Awakening | religious movement that started in the southwestern frontier, people thought that religion was dying out, no one cared anymore so religious fervor spread all throughout the United States in varying intensities. Reformed churches fought for issues such as women's rights, temperance, prison reform, education reform, and the abolition of slavery. Preaching gospel was a way for women to eventually climb up the social ladder. Did not hit Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states as hard because valued rationalism there. | 3 | |
| 1080785362 | revivals/camp meetings/saved | frontier gatherings where thousands of people attended to listen to preachers. religious ecstasy, barking, convulsing, jerking, "saved" | 4 | |
| 1080785363 | Methodists & Baptists | two most powerful movements, stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs | 5 | |
| 1080785364 | Peter Cartwright/circuit riders | Methodist frontier preacher, went around from state to state for 50 years converting souls to the Lord. Garnered attention for Methodists that made them one of the most powerful movements in the 2nd Great Awakening | 6 | |
| 1080785365 | Charles Grandison Finney/anxious bench | preached a form of evangelism that was more conservative and reminiscent of Calvinist beliefs, worked in Rochester and New York, "anxious bench" where sinners were prostrated before the congregation and women were encouraged to pray aloud. Denounced alcohol--->Oberlin College president | 7 | |
| 1080785366 | Burned-Over District | Western portion of New York (Rochester) was especially known as a hotbed of religious activity. preached damnation and hellfire (strongly connected to Calvinism) | 8 | |
| 1080785367 | Millerites/Adventists | one religious movement that believed Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1844, used this date to gain followers. Christ never showed up on the aforementioned date. | 9 | |
| 1080785368 | Joseph Smith/Mormons | wrestler who claimed that an angel gave him plates that translated into the Book of Mormons. Established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Received criticism for voting as a unit and raising a small army. Smith was beaten to death in Carthage Il, but Brigham Young led his followers to Utah, created a theocracy, people lived in a compound, austere society based on peer pressure. | 10 | |
| 1080785369 | polygamy | marriage to multiple people. Tradition for men in Mormon communities to marry more than one wife, 1862 anti-polygamy laws, 1896 Utah was finally granted statehood (did not become one originally because of polygamy). | 11 | |
| 1080785370 | Brigham Young/Utah | young, talented leader that took over the Mormon cause after Joseph Smith was killed in Carthage. Led thousands of Mormons to Utah and established a prosperous community (in a very unforgiving land, but this same area provided religious freedom, Promise Land). | 12 | |
| 1080785371 | ragged schools/the Three Rs | primitive one-room schoolhouses established to teach only "readin', ritin', rithmetic". Americans were suspicious of public education, thought it allowed too many people to become dependent on the government/rich for help. Ill qualified teachers, more discipline than learning. | 13 | |
| 1080785372 | Horace Mann | on Massachusetts Board of Education, wanted better schoolhouses, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Even though these reforms were implemented, only very few schools were lucky to have them. | 14 | |
| 1080785373 | Noah Webster | Yale/Connecticut, "Schoolmaster of the Republic". gave reading lessons that promoted patriotism, published a dictionary (Hence Merriam Webster) to standardize American language | 15 | |
| 1080785374 | William H. McGuffey/McGuffey's Readers | Ohioan teacher preacher, published magazines to promote lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism | 16 | |
| 1080785375 | Emma Willard/Troy Female Seminary | established Troy Female Seminary, higher education was frowned upon, so this was a milestone | 17 | |
| 1080785376 | Oberlin College | admitted black students, and in 1837, opened its doors to women. Pioneering the idea that everyone has a right to a proper secondary schooling (education is the great equalizer). | 18 | |
| 1080785377 | Mary Lyon/Mount Holyoke Seminary | one of the first women's colleges, established in Massachusetts, built despite the looming stigma of the "cult of domesticity" | 19 | |
| 1080785378 | lyceums | traveling lecturers who facilitated learning to many commoners. it was a way to become knowledgeable (also a form of entertainment) for those who did not attend formal schooling. covered areas such as science, literature, and moral philosophy | 20 | |
| 1080785379 | North American review/Godey's Lady's Book | magazines, immensely popular form of entertainment, advertisement, and easy way to learn | 21 | |
| 1080785380 | reformatories/penitentiaries | new concept that prisons are not meant to cage people up, but to discipline and reform their behavior. people should learn from their mistakes | 22 | |
| 1080785381 | Dorothea Dix | teacher/author who campaigned for the rights of the mentally ill, petitioned first hand accounts (from observation) of the terrible conditions the mentally ill were forced to live in. idea that the mentally ill are sick, not evil | 23 | |
| 1080785382 | American Peace Society | advocated for peace, war is wrong, sensing the tensions among the industrializing world, almost a preventative measure | 24 | |
| 1080785383 | William Ladd | leader of the American Peace Society, wanted to influence both Americans and Europeans to go on a crusade for peace, set back by Civil War and Crimean war | 25 | |
| 1080785384 | American Temperance Society | drinking got out of hand, social gatherings and eventually the workplace were jeopardized as a result of the heavy consumption of alcohol; it was a part of American culture. The American Temperance society was founded at Boston in 1826, utilized pamphlets, lecturers, propaganda to discourage drinking, some people wanted to straight up outlaw it (Dow and Maine Law). | 26 | |
| 1080785385 | Maine Law | 1851, from Dow's home state of Maine, prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. a dozen states followed suit, but within 10, most repealed and declared it unconstitutional | 27 | |
| 1080803550 | Neal S. Dow | Portland's mayor who had firsthand account of how alcoholism demoralized Americans in the workplace. | 28 | |
| 1080803551 | spinsters | women who refused to marry because they wanted to retain their rights, once they married, they become their husband's property. @ time of civil war, 10% of women were spinsters | 29 | |
| 1080803552 | cult of domesticity | belief that women should stay in the house; they shouldn't be educated, and are weak and inferior but they also serve to keep their strong, crass husbands in check. | 30 | |
| 1080803553 | Catharine Beecher | urged women to go on to becoming teachers, yet, still celebrated the role of the housewife (in contrast to some who saw this archetype as confining) | 31 | |
| 1080803554 | Lucretia Mott | women's rights movement, she and her friend would not be recognized in the London antislavery convention of 1840 | 32 | |
| 1080803555 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | left the word "obey" out of her marriage ceremony. eventually advocated for women's suffrage | 33 | |
| 1080803556 | Susan B. Anthony | one of the most iconic fighters for women's suffrage. had the guts to face up to invectives. | 34 | |
| 1080803557 | Elizabeth Blackwell | first female graduate of a medical college | 35 | |
| 1080803558 | Margaret Fuller/The Dial | edited a transcendentalist magazine, *The Dial* | 36 | |
| 1080803559 | Sarah and Angelina Grimke | abolitionists | 37 | |
| 1080803560 | Lucy Stone | retained her maiden name, today, women who keep their names are called "Lucy Stoners" | 38 | |
| 1080803561 | Amelia Bloomer | abandoned long, constricting, street sweeping | 39 | |
| 1080803562 | Seneca Falls Convention 1848 | Women's Rights Convention 1848, demanded ballot for females | 40 | |
| 1080803563 | Robert Owen/New Harmony, Indiana | Scottish textile manufacturer (AP Euro), founded a community based on cooperation and human betterment. People were too lazy (or too good) to work and either radical or straight up criminals. Failed. | 41 | |
| 1080803564 | Brook Farm | Brook Farm, Massachusetts, 20 men and women transcendentalists, prospered until a fire destroyed their main building | 42 | |
| 1080803565 | Oneida Community | radical experiment, free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents. lasted for three decades. | 43 | |
| 1080803566 | Shakers/Mother Ann Lee | began in the 1770s, practiced celibacy, monasteries, collapsed in 1940 | 44 | |
| 1080803567 | Benjamin Silliman | (1779-1864) professor of chemistry and geology at Yale for more than 50 years | 45 | |
| 1080803568 | Louis Agassiz | (1807-1873) 25 years at Harvard college as a professor of biology, original research, didn't think memory was *all that* when it came to science. | 46 | |
| 1080803569 | Asa Gray | (1810-1888) Botanist, 350 books, monographs, papers, new standard for scientific writing. more careful | 47 | |
| 1080803570 | John J. Audubon | ornithologist, *Birds of America*, founded the Audobon society for the protection of birds (conservation) | 48 | |
| 1080803571 | Sylvester Graham | proponent of a fad diet based on wheat bread and crackers | 49 | |
| 1080803572 | Oliver Wendell Holmes | 1860, pointed out that people were better off without medical treatment. Shows how much America lacked proper medical care. lagging behind the Europeans | 50 | |
| 1080803573 | Greek Revival/Gothic | architectural movement that was inspired by the Greeks' defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism spread even here! | 51 | |
| 1080803574 | Gilbert Stuart | one of America's most gifted painters (1755-1828), painted idealized portraits of George Washington (form of propaganda). | 52 | |
| 1080803575 | Charles Willson Peale | Painter from Maryland who also produced portraits of Washington | 53 | |
| 1080803576 | John Trumball | served in the Revolutionary war and survived to depict war scenes on canvas | 54 | |
| 1080803577 | Hudson River School | first American art school. depicted local American landscapes instead of human landscapes | 55 | |
| 1080803578 | daguerreotype | crude photograph, 1839, perfected by Louis Daguerre | 56 | |
| 1080803579 | minstrel shows (Dixie) | Dixie was the Confederates' battle hymn, written by Foster (who was from the Union). Whites appeared in blackface, form of entertainment | 57 | |
| 1080803580 | Stephen Foster | the first "American" folk musician, captured the lives of slaves, widely popular | 58 | |
| 1080803581 | Knickerbocker Group | group of writers (Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, first distinctly American writers, wrote about patriotic themes/the republican experiment (general literature, novels, poetry, respectively). | 59 | |
| 1080803582 | Washington Irving | (general literature) first American literary figure, wrote *Knickerbocker's History of New York*, caricaturing the Dutch, wrote with charm and quiet humor, *Legend of Sleepy Hollow*, *The Sketch Book* mediated between English and American themes, nicknamed a literary diplomat | 60 | |
| 1080803583 | James Fenimore Cooper | the first American novelist, made New World themes respectable. Wrote The Spy, the Leatherstocking Tales, The Last of the Mohicans, explored viability and destiny of America's republican experiment, foiled it against natives' lives, discussed modern civilization | 61 | |
| 1080803584 | William Cullen Byrant | Puritan belief, when he was 16, wrote "Thanatopsis", one of the first respectable poems to come out of the US (1817). Did not make a career out of poetry, was a journalist, set dignified, liberal, and conscientious standards for journalistic writing. | 62 | |
| 1080803585 | transcendentalism | literary/social movement, stressed that knowledge is to be obtained through the senses and not by observation alone. highly individualistic, self reliance, self culture, self discipline, equality. | 63 | |
| 1080803586 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | the most famous transcendentalist, poet, philosopher, critic of slavery, lyceum lecturer. In "The American Scholar", urged American writers to find inspiration within their own country, not overseas | 64 | |
| 1080803587 | Henry David Thoreau | transcendentalist, essayist, influenced by Emerson, spent two years living in a hut and wrote about his experience, wrote an essay "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" (social contract, limited gov. interference). completely immersed himself to find an ultimate truth | 65 | |
| 1080803588 | Walt Whitman | transcendentalist, "Leaves of Grass" (1855), romantic, experimental titles, stanzas, rhymes, and meter, dealt frankly with controversial topics (e.g. sex), received only posthumous success, patriotic | 66 | |
| 1080803589 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | one (1807-882) One of America's most popular poets, less cultured people enjoyed his poetry even though it was written for the gentry. Drew influences from American culture and European literature (Harvard prof.). | 67 | |
| 1080803590 | John Greenleaf Whittier | a poet, wrote against social injustices, especially slavery. he was less talented of a writer than Longfellow, but his writings helped keep the debate of slavery alive. human freedom | 68 | |
| 1080803591 | James Russell Lowell | essayist, literary critic, editor, diplomat, political satirist who wrote the *Biglow Papers*, condemned slavery expansion. | 69 | |
| 1080803592 | Louisa May Alcott | had to write to support her family, wrote *Little Women*, grew up alongside transcendentalism | 70 | |
| 1080803593 | Emily Dickinson | lived as a recluse, simple languages/rhyme/meter, explored themes of love, death, and immortality. Two thousand of her poems were published posthumously | 71 | |
| 1080803594 | William Gilmore Simms | most noteworthy author from the South, talked about colonial frontier life, 82 books, but largely ignored by the South. | 72 | |
| 1080803595 | Edgar Allan Poe | Dark Romanticist, best known for his short stories, explored macabre and dark themes, going against optimism generally found in literature at this time, was a drunkard and died in a gutter | 73 | |
| 1080803596 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Dark Romanticist, wrote about the neverending struggle between good and evil, strongly influenced by Puritan ancestors, lived on Brook Farm, famous for *The Scarlet Letter*. Look to the past for answers top the present | 74 | |
| 1080803597 | Herman Melville | Dark Romanticist, lived an adventurous life in the South Seas, magnum opus was *Moby Dick*, god vs evil, whale vs Ahab. Public not accustomed to his language, preferred straightforward prose, book was ignored but gained posthumous acclaim | 75 | |
| 1080803598 | George Bancroft | secretary of the navy, published 6 volumes of American history in 1789, looked through archives, *Father of American history* | 76 | |
| 1080803599 | William H Prescott | detailed the conquest of Mexico and Peru, better received than Bancroft was | 77 | |
| 1080803600 | Francis Parkman | in 1851, detailed the struggle between France and Britain for control of North America. | 78 |
