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| 3093256917 | haustoria | specialized hyphae that allows extraction/exchange of nutrients with plant hosts | 0 | |
| 3093273829 | mycorrhizae | mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant hosts | 1 | |
| 3093279948 | ectomycorrihizal fungi | form sheaths of hyphae over a root and grow into extracellular spaces of the root cortex | 2 | |
| 3093286898 | arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells into tubes | 3 | |
| 3093291373 | fungal reproduction | hyphae (n) release sexual pheromones hyphae fuse together (plasmogamy) | 4 | |
| 3093315850 | What is Karyogamy? | is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells | 5 | |
| 3093326366 | Spore germinate to form ____ | mycelium (the string like mold stuff) |  | 6 |
| 3093819438 | Name the major fungal groups | ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, chytrids,zygomycetes, glomeromycetes | 7 | |
| 3093855199 | ascomycetes | -marine -sac fungi-produce spores in sacs called asci-65,000 | 8 | |
| 3093858646 | What do ascomycetes produce spores in? | sacs called asci | 9 | |
| 3093869349 | basidiomycetes | 30,000-decomposers & ectomycorrhizial fungi-produce spores on basidia | 10 | |
| 3093879791 | What do basidiomycetes produces spores on? | basidia | 11 | |
| 3093882923 | What is an example of basidiomycetes? | mushrooms |  | 12 |
| 3093885971 | chytrids | 1000-freshwater/terrestrial-flagellated spores | 13 | |
| 3093889821 | What kind of spores do chytrids produce? | flagellated spores | 14 | |
| 3093891141 | zygomycetes | 1000-molds, parasites, commensal symbionts | 15 | |
| 3093896236 | What what kind of spores do zygomycetes produce? | zygosporangium | 16 | |
| 3093901248 | glomeromycetes | 160- form arbuscular (shrub-like) mychorrhizae with roots -80% of plants have a mutualistic relationship with glomeromycetes | 17 | |
| 3093919711 | What is a lichen? | a lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus | 18 | |
| 3093925774 | Explain how a lichen allows plants to grow | pioneers on new rock and soil surfaces and breaks down the surface, allowing formation of soil, thus making it possible for plants to grow | 19 | |
| 3093967868 | Nonvascular plants are called _____ | bryophytes | 20 | |
| 3093968856 | What are the three clades of bryophytes | 1. liverworts 2. mosses 3. hornworts | 21 | |
| 3093970386 | What anchors bryophytes? | rhizoids, filamentous outgrowths that allow for anchoring | 22 | |
| 3093979399 | Bryophytes are water dependent, what does this mean? | flagellated sperm must swim through water to find an egg | 23 | |
| 3093984202 | Are bryophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominant? | gametophyte | 24 | |
| 3093986763 | Seedless vascular plants are made up of what two clades? | lycophyetes (club mosses) and pteridophytes (ferns) | 25 | |
| 3093997286 | Seedless vascular plants are sporophyte or gametophyte dominant? | sporophyte | 26 | |
| 3093999997 | Describe the gametophytes of ferns | they are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface | 27 | |
| 3094021365 | T or F, seedless vascular plants are water dependent | T | 28 | |
| 3094023523 | What are the two types of tissue in vascular plant transport? | 1. xylem 2. phloem | 29 | |
| 3094030198 | xylem | conducts water and minerals | 30 | |
| 3094032806 | What is lignin? | a polymer that work with xylem to strengthen water conducting cells and provide support | 31 | |
| 3094037297 | What is the function of phloem? | distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products | 32 | |
| 3094039498 | How is phloem arranged? | In tubes | 33 | |
| 3094041570 | How do leaves aid in photosynthesis? | by increasing surface area | 34 | |
| 3094045579 | What does a seed consist of? | embryo and food supply | 35 | |
| 3094046886 | What are the two clades that seed plants are made up of? | gymnosperms (naked seeds) ex. pine cones and angiosperms, contains seeds that develop in ovaries (ovaries become fruit) | 36 | |
| 3094052814 | Gametophytes of seed plants are ______ | microscopic | 37 | |
| 3094058065 | In endosporic development where do gametophytes develop? | gametophytes develop within the walls of spores | 38 | |
| 3094061383 | In endosporic development where are gametophytes retained? | within the tissues of parent sporophyte | 39 | |
| 3094064486 | What does a sporophyte do for a gametophyte? | it protects and provides nutrients | 40 | |
| 3094142857 | What is integument? | protective layer of sporophyte tissue | 41 | |
| 3094144592 | What does an ovule consist of? | egg producing female gametophyte surrounded by a protective layer of sporophyte tissue (integument) | 42 | |
| 3094146672 | Females develop from ____ | megaspores | 43 | |
| 3094148200 | Males develop from_____ which develop into ______ | small microspores, pollen | 44 | |
| 3094151429 | What are the three evolutionary advantages of seeds? | 1. may remain dormant until conditions are favorable 2. have a supply of stored food 3. can help disseminate (spread the embryo) | 45 | |
| 3094155318 | T or F: Gymnosperms are better suited to dry conditions | T | 46 | |
| 3094156034 | Why are gymnosperms better suited to dry conditions? | 1. seeds/pollen 2. thicker cuticles 3. leaves with small surface area | 47 | |
| 3094158091 | What is flora? | plant life occurring in a particular region | 48 | |
| 3094160049 | What seed plants are an important part of the Earth's flora? | gymnosperms | 49 | |
| 3094162834 | In biology, what is a flower? | a structure specialized for sexual reproduction | 50 | |
| 3094168394 | What do stamens produce? | pollen | 51 | |
| 3094168899 | What do carpels produce? | ovules in the ovary | 52 | |
| 3094183416 | Fruit can function as | parachutes or propellers, burrs that cling onto animals or clothing and seeds in animal feces | 53 | |
| 3094344969 | Around how many years ago did small plants, fungi and animals emerge on land? | 5 million | 54 | |
| 3094346002 | Name the first two derived traits of plants | 1. alteration of generations life cycle 2. multicellular dependent embryos | 55 | |
| 3094347920 | Name the 2nd two derived traits of plants | 3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. apical meristems |  | 56 |
| 3105614689 | Where are multicellular dependent embryos retained? | in the female gametophyte | 57 | |
| 3105618775 | What is the function of placental transfer cells? | to transfer nutrients from parent to embryo | 58 | |
| 3105625629 | Land plants are called _____ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent | embryophytes | 59 | |
| 3105629397 | Where are walled spores produced? | in sporangia | 60 | |
| 3105632241 | sporangia | multicellular organs that produce spores | 61 | |
| 3105634444 | apical meristems | regions of cell division that can divide throughout a cells life | 62 | |
| 3105638863 | cuticle | waxy covering of the epidermis | 63 | |
| 3105644082 | What is the function of the cuticle? | to prevent water loss and microbial attack | 64 | |
| 3105646733 | stromata | pores that allow exchange of carbon and oxygen between outside air and the plant | 65 | |
| 3105659827 | What form of nutrition does fungi use? | heterotrophic | 66 | |
| 3105664134 | What does the cell wall of fungi contain? | chitin, a strong and flexible polysaccharide | 67 | |
| 3105672011 | What are the most common body structures of fungi | multicellular filaments | 68 | |
| 3105675005 | What are mycelia | networks of branched hyphae, filaments adapted for absorption | 69 |
