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The American Pageant 14th Edition Chapter 9 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

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675704159AntifederalistsOpponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.
675704160Articles of ConfederationFirst American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.
675704161Civic VirtueWillingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.
675704162Civil LawBody of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written.
675704163Common LawLaws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government.
675704164DisestablishedTo separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.
675704165FederalistsProponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.
675704166Great CompromisePopular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.
675704167Land Ordinance of 1785Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.
675704168New Jersey Plan"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.
675704169Northwest OrdinanceCreated a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.
675704170Old NorthwestTerritories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.
675704171Shays's RebellionArmed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.
675704172Society of the CincinnatiExclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.
675704173The FederalistCollection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.
675704174Three-Fifths CompromiseDetermined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.
675704175Virginia Plan"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
675704176Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomMeasure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.
675704177Lord SheffieldWrote a popular pamphlet in England that said Britain would win back America's trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels.
675704178Daniel ShaysHead of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy."
675704179Patrick HenryA leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies.
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American Pageant chapter 10 Flashcards

14th edition

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934882085funding at parthat the federal government would pay off al their debts at face values
934882086assumptionstate debts would be regarded as a proper national obligation. And debts would be divided up between the states
934882087judiciary act of 1789it organized the supreme court with a chief just is and 5 associates
934882088first tariff lawIn 1789 congress passed a low tariff of about 8 percent on the value of dutiable imports
934882089excise tax1791 secured a tax on few items notably whiskey
934882090bank of the united statescreated in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton
934882091Neutrality Proclamation1793 after the outbreak in the napolianic wars between Britain and France
934882092Treaty of GreenvilleAugust 1795 Native Americans agreed to give up land in the old Northwest for 20,000 and 9,000 a year
934882093XYZ affairthe french insistence of money to talk about peace
934882094sedition actlaw that forbid anyone who impeded the policies of the government could leed to fine or imprisonment
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Drifting Toward Disunion 1854-1861 Chapter 19 Flashcards

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562658468Harriet Beecher StoweUnited States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)
562658469Hinton R. HelperSouthern-born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion (1828-1909)
562658470John Brownabolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
562658471James BuchananThe 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.
562658472Charles SumnerLeading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods (1790-1874)
562658473John C. Fremontan American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. (1813-1900)
562658474Dred ScottUnited States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state (1795-1858)
562658475Roger TancySupreme court justice who presided over Dred Scott decision (1836-1864)
562658476John C. BreckenridgeOne of the two democratic candidates against Lincoln. The other was Stephen A Douglas. He was nominated by the Southern Democrats. Buchanan's VP. (1821-1875)
562658477John BellTennessee politician and Plantation owner, nominated for president in 1860 by the United States Constitutional Union Party (Whig's) but lost to Lincoln and the Republicans.
562658478Abraham Lincoln16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
562658479Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate States of America (1808-1889)
562658480John CrittendenIn December, 1860 he promoted a last minute compromise to hold the Union together, the Crittenden Compromise. It consisted of six unamendable amendments to the Constitution
562658481self-determinationthe right of people to choose their own form of government
562658482southern nationalismThis was the development of a specific southern identity independent of a larger national identity. Sig: This subculture was one of the largest justifications for the south to secede and subsequently go to war. (1861-1865)
562658483Uncle Tom's CabinWritten by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.
562658484The Impending Crisis of the SouthA book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book. (1857)
562658485New England Immigrant Aid Society1854 was created to pay antislave settlers to go into Kansas, so when the state voted on whether or not to allow slavery the vote would be on the antislave side.
562658486Pottawatomie Creek massacreIn reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas (1856)
562658487Lecompton Constitutionsupported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. (1857)
562658488"Bleeding Kansas"A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. (1854-1861)
562658489American (Know-Nothing) partya former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)
562658490Dred Scott decisionA Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. (1852)
562658491panic of 1857Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads
562658492Lincoln-Douglas debates(1858) Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
562658493Freeport DoctrineIdea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so (1858)
562658494Harpers Ferry raida raid made by John Brown on a city in Virginia; wanted to inspire a slave revolt, but the slaves did not follow him; he was executed, later; supported by North; hated by South (1859)
562658495Constitutional Union Partya former political party in the United States (1860)
562658496Crittenden Compromisea plan proposed in December 1860 attempting to save the Union; it would divide the western territories by using the old Missouri Compromise line
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Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 Flashcards

http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/vocabulary/chapter-19-renewing-sectional-struggle/

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762559070self-determinationIn politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence. "The public liked it because it accorded with the democratic tradition of self-determination."
762559071homesteadA family home or farm with buildings and land sufficient for survival. "...they broadened their appeal...by urging free government homesteads for settlers.
762559072vigilanteConcerning groups that claim to punish crime and maintain order without legal authority to do so. "...violence was only partly discouraged by rough vigilante justice."
762559073sanctuaryA place of refuge or protection, where people are safe from punishment by the law. "...scores of...runaway slaves...were spirited...to the free-soil sanctuary of Canada."
762559074fugitiveA person who flees from danger or prosecution. "...southerners were demanding a new and more stringent fugitive-slave law."
762559075topographyThe precise surface features and details of a place - for example, rivers, bridges, hills - in relation to one another. "The good Lord had decreed - through climate, topography, and geography - that a plantation economy...could not profitably exist in the Mexican Cession territory...."
762559076mundaneBelonging to this world, as opposed to the spiritual world. "...Christian legislators must obey God's moral law as well as mundane human law."
762559077statecraftThe art of government leadership. "The Whigs...missed a splendid opportunity to capitalize on their record in statecraft."
762559078isthmianConcerning a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land. "...neither America nor Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway."
762559079filibusteringReferring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country. "During 1850 - 1851 two 'filibustering' expeditions descended upon Cuba."
762559080consulateThe office of a foreign official, usually not the ambassador, appointed to look after his or her country's interests or citizens in a particular place. "...an angry mob sacked Spain's consulate in New Orleans."
762559081cloak-and-daggerConcerning the activities of spies or undercover agents, especially involving elaborate deceptions. "And incredible cloak-and-dagger episode followed."
762559082leakTo accidentally or deliberately disclose information supposed to be kept secret. "The secret Ostend Manifesto quickly leaked out."
762559083boosterOne who promotes a person or enterprise, especially in a highly enthusiastic way. "An ardent booster for the West, he longed to...stretch a line of settlements across the continent."
762559084truceA temporary suspension of warfare by agreement of the hostile parties. "This bold step Douglas was prepared to take, even at the risk of shattering the uneasy truce patched up by the Great Compromise of 1850."
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US History Honors Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Based on the US History Honors Exam Study Guide
Some are Questions that I think might be on the test

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5863423141492Columbus travels to Americas and opens them to Europe
5863423151519-1525The Conquest of the Aztecs and Incas
586342316Virginia Company arrives at Jamestown1607
5863423171619First slaves from Africa to arrive in Jamestown
5863423181754-1763French Indian War ended by the Treaty of Paris 1763
5863423191775-1781Revolutionary War; Cornwallis surrenders n 1781
586342320July 4, 1776We officially declare our independence Declaration of Independence is signed by founding fathers
5863423211781-1789US experiments with Confederation
5863423221820Missouri Compromise (Mexico declares Independence)
5863423231849Gold Rush, John Sutter finds first gold in California
586342324Confederationgroup of states bound together, US tried after American Revolution (1781-1789). Iroquois form of government inspired us
586342325unicameral legislatureone body to make laws
586342326bicameral legislature2 bodies to make laws used by US
586342327House of RepresentativesThe body of legislature whose numbers of state's representatives are determined by the state's population
586342328Senatethe body of legislature that has a standard two representatives per state
586342329Legislative Branchin charge of making laws, Senate and House
586342330Executive Branchcarry out laws, President
586342331Judicial Branchdetermines what is constitutional, interpret federal laws, The Supreme Court
586342332Supreme CourtCourt that determines what is and is not constitutional thanks to judiciary review, Justices are appointed by the president and can serve for life, must be approved by legislature, don't need specific qualifications.
586342333Democratic RepublicGovernment where the people indirectly choose representatives to represent them
586342334DemocracyGovernment where the people directly choose representatives to represent them
586342335Jeffersonian Democracypeople choose the rich to govern them
586342336Jacksonian Democracycloser to what our democracy is today; where the common people can be elected and choose people like them to govern
586342337Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney GeneralOriginal Presidential Cabinet Positions (Washington)
586342338Constitutionsupreme law of the US; written by James Madison
586342339Bill of Rightsfirst 10 amendments to the US constitution; contains a list of individual rights and liberties. Was originally not a part of the constitution, enraging anti-federalists (Jefferson, when it was ratified but was added after two years as compromise by Madison
586342340Federalismthe idea of a federal organization of more or less self governing units; divided between the national and state governments
586342341Strict InterpretationInterpreting the constitution strictly Jefferson
586342342Loose Interpretationinterpreting the constitution loosely Hamilton
586342343Elastic Clausethe part of the constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers
586342344Hamiltonians vs Jeffersonians, Federalists vs Democratic Republicans, Republicans, National Republicans vs Jacksonian Democrats, Whigs vs Democrats, Republicans vs DemocratsPolitical Parties evolution
586342345Domestic Affairsany government affairs that deal with the United States
586342346Foreign AffairsGovernment affairs that deal with other countries and their relations to the United States
586342347Kitchen Cabinetclose friends of the president that are not in the cabinet, that the president goes to for advice, an example of a president with a one is Jackson, Polk's was his wife Sarah
586342348Electoral Collegerepresentatives from each state based on population that directly vote for the president
586342349Amendment processhow the government changes and adds to the Constitution
586342350Ratification processto approve; the approval or formal sanction of an act (3/5) (at that time) 9/13 of colonies had to agree
586342351Domesticgoods made by hand--more intricate
586342352Industrialgoods made in factories
586342353thirteen coloniesthe original colonies that the British formed on the East Coast
586342354Northwest Territorythe territory where Ohio and Michigan are located. was given to the US by Britain after the American Revolution
586342355Louisiana TerritoryTerritory that that the US bought from France/Napoleon for $15 million and Haiti, included New Orleans
586342356Texas AnnexationThe addition of Texas to the Union in 1845 after the Texas Revolution in 1836 that made Texas an independent state from 1836-1845 (The Lone Star Republic). Fighting with Mexico over the Southern Boundary causes Mexican War
586342357Mexican Cessionland gained through Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo after the Mexican War
586342358Oregon Territoryadded through a treaty with Britain that set the line for Canada at a standard 49 degrees latitude, and was added peacefully even after Polk's campaign boasted 54 40 or fight
586342359Gadsden Purchasethe souther part of New Mexico and Arizona that was bought to build a railroad there
586342360VirginiaWhere is G. Washington From?
586342361Mt. VernonGeorge Washington's estate
586342362French Indian War, Revolutionary WarWars George Washington fought in
586342363Sally FairfaxBest friend's wife that Washington falls in love with
586342364MarthaGeorge Washington's wife
586342365John AdamsGeorge Washington's Vice President
586342366Thomas JeffersonGeorge Washington's Secretary of State
586342367Alexander HamiltonWashington's Secretary of the Treasury
586342368New York CityWhere Washington was Inaugurated
586342369NoneWashington's Political Party
586342370BraintreeAdams' estate
586342371John Adamspolitical patriot of revolution
586342372John AdamsWhose administration was the XYZ Affair
586342373Abigail AdamsJohn Adams' wife/ first feminist
586342374John Adams, Thomas JeffersonDied on same day
586342375Alien ActsPresident can deport/ imprison suspicious immigrants
586342376Sedition Actpresident can imprison/deport people whenever he wants
586342377Virginia and Kentucky Resolutionwritten by Jefferson and Madison, they say that Alien and Sedition Acts are unconstitutional because they put the federal government above state law
586342378MonticelloJefferson's estate
586342379University of VirginiaUniversity Jefferson designed
586342380Thomas Jeffersonwrote declaration of religious freedom
586342381DeismThomas Jefferson's Religion
586342382MarthaJefferson's wife
586342383Sally HemmingsJefferson's slave/mistress
586342384Thomas JeffersonFounder of Democratic Republican Party
586342385Aaron BurrJefferson's VP/kills Hamilton; disappears
586342386MontpelierMadison's estate
586342387James MadisonFather of Constitution
586342388James MadisonJefferson's Secretary of State
586342389DollyMadison's wife
586342390William Henry HarrisonHero of Tippecanoe
586342391TecumsehLeader of Tippecanoe Indians
586342392Star spangled banner, White house, flag, hero, nationalismwhat we get from war of 1812
586342393Treaty of GhentEnds War of 1812 signed by John Quincey Adams
586342394Era of Good Feelingsynonymous with Monroe Administration one political party
586342395Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C CalhounGreat Triumvirate from West, North and South
586342396Washington, Jefferson, Madison, MonroeVirginia Dynasty president (exclude Adams)
586342397James MonroeWashington's second secretary of state after Jefferson resigns
586342398James MonroeGets Layfayette from France
586342399Missouri enters as slave state, Maine enters as Free state, 36 30 line establishedMissouri Compromise Determines...
586342400John Quincey AdamsWrote Monroe Doctrine
586342401American Systemidea of Henry Clay's that we should be self sufficient and pass resources from agricultural west to Industrial north to plantation south and vice versa
586342402John Quincey Adams, Henry Clayparticipants in the corrupt bargain
586342403John Quincey Adams, LouisaPresident with British Wife and her name
586342404Gag ruleAdams not allowed to bring up issue of slavery in House of Representatives
586342405Old HickoryJackson's nickname
586342406DemocratJackson political party
586342407TennesseeJackson's home state
586342408HermitageJackson's estate
586342409RachelJackson's wife
586342410people's palacesname given to hotels
586342411Van BurenPresident who goes out in suit and carriage, enraging people in economic panic of 1837
586342412William Henry HarrisonPresident who dies after giving long inaugural address in the rain
586342413John TylerPresident after Harrison's death called his Accidency
586342414John TylerPresident married in White House
586342415James K PolkPresident with brilliant wife Sarah
586342416Andrew JacksonPresident of Peggy Eaton Affair
586342417Hernan CortezLeader of the conquistadores that conquered the Aztecs from 1519-1525 using psychology, horses and advanced weaponry
586342418Columbussailed to Americas in 1492 and opens Americas to Europeans
586342419John CabotExplorer that English send to the Americans to claim the land for England in an attempt to take on Spain in New world) was Italian real name Giovanni Caboto looking for fabled Northwest Passage
586342420Jacques CartierExplorer that the French sent to claim the New World for France. Was looking for the Northwest passage which didn't exist
586342421John SmithEnglish Explorer and co-founder of the colony at Jamestown in Virginia
586342422John RolfeMan that actually married Pocahantas and saved Jamestown by planting and producing the cash crop, Tobacco
586342423William PennFounder of Pennsylvania colony for Quakers founded as a non-violent group
586342424King George IIIKing during American revolution who went insane
586342425Marquis de LafayetteFrench nobleman, invested in Democracy who serves under George Washington in the American Revolition and becomes a close friend, receives help from France. Is captured during French Revolition Washington sends envoy to save him
586342426General CornwallisBritish general who surrendered at Yorktown, ending the American Revolution
586342427Abigail AdamsJohn Adams' wife who told him to remember women when he was writing Constitution and had to deal with hem while he travelled before and after Revolution.
586342428Samuel AdamsAmerican Revolutionary leader and patriot an organizer of the Boston Tea Party, Committees of Correspondence and founder of sons and daughters of liberty he signed the declaration of independence
586342429John HancockPatriot and head of Continental Congress, a brazen leader
586342430Alexander HamiltonRepublican political party stemmed form his political ideas; Secretary of Treasury under Washington, and died in a duel against Jefferson's Vice President Aaron Burr
586342431John JayFirst Supreme Court Justice, United States diplomat who negotiated peace treaties with Britain went down in infamy of due to Jay Treaty 1794
586342432John MarshallSupreme Court Chief Justice appointed by Adams who opposed Indian Removal Policy, and Judiciary Review
586342433Roger TaneyUnited States Supreme Court Justice who is remembered for his ruling that slaves are property not people
586342434Pierre-Charles L'EnfantFrenchman who designed and built Washington DC, round areas in grass were for cannons
586342435John Eaton, Peggy EatonJohn Eaton was the secretary of war under Andrew Jackson, his wife Peggy Eaton was an illegitimate child and the subject of the Peggy Eaton Affair
586342436Samuel Slatermemorized how to create a factory then sailed to US and created the first factory in Massachusetts. Creates the impetus of economy of industry in North
586342437Henry ClayOne of three most influential men who never became president from the West and served their purposes. Secretary of State for John Quincey Adams. He came up with the American System. Known as The Great Compromiser for his role in the Great Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. Battled Jackson on National Bank, a part of the corrupt bargain
586342438John C CalhounFrom South, impetus of nullification, states rights over federal rights, impetus of thoughts of secession
586342439Daniel WebsterDebated Haynes in Congress about nullification, most scholarly, most moral conviction, no political ambitious, greats contribution is senator
586342440Eli WhitneyCreator of Cotton Gin
586342441William Lloyd GarrisonNotable abolitionist. Creator of a newspaper called the LiberatorBurned constitution because he thought it was so hypocritical
586342442Elijah LovejoyAbolitionist who was killed for the cause
586342443Frederick DouglassAbolitionist leader who was the first African American to have an appointed government job
586342444Jonathan EdwardsA puritanical preacher who used fear to influence people in the Great Awakening
586342445Dorothea DixLeader of the Hospital and Institutional Reforms, succeeded in reforming insane asylums
586342446Emerson, ThoreauTranscendentalists
586342447Joseph SmithFounder of Mormons, charismatic, murdered
586342448Brigham Youngleads mormons to Salt Lake City
586342449Susan B Anthony, Lucretia MottWomen right's leaders
586342450Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, SenecasIroquois Confederation tribe names
586342451New YorkIroquois location
586342452LonghousesIroquois dwelling
586342453Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, SeminoleFive Civilized Tribes
586342454CherokeeTrail of Tears tribe
586342455SeminoleTribe that succeeded in warding off Indian Removal policy enforcers
586342456ConquistadoresSpanish conquerors who conquered in God's name
586342457Columbian ExchangeThe transfer of ideas, goods, crops, diseases, between Old and New World,,, between Europe and Americas, what each got out of it Not a trade route
586342458JamestownFirst permanent English settlement in N America founded by Virginia Company
586342459PuritansEnglish Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England's Catholic rituals and creeds, Separatists, accused people of witch craft
586342460PilgrimsEarly settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Massachusetts The left England because they were tired of the Church of England. Came to America first Mayflower, Thanksgiving
586342461Salem Witch HysteriaSalem Massachusetts when women were accused of being witches
586342462Spectral Evidenceaccusing with no proof; witch hunting without real evidence, you just have to accuse
586342463colonialismmother country controlling an area of land a settlement called a colony where the mother control completely controls everything, a mother child relationship
586342464Mercantilismeconomic system based on the idea that colonies exist solely to make mother country rich
586342465Northwest Passagemyth, an all water route through the Americas to try to get to Asia
586342466Indentured ServantsMigrants who in exchange for transatlantic passage, bond themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service. Seven year agreement Turns to slavery; white servants become free; prevalent in North
586342467Triangular Trade RouteThe trade route from Europe to Africa to America back to Europe across the Atlantic Ocean
586342468Middle PassageThe trade route of the Triangular Trade Route from Africa to America brings Slaves to America; horrible conditions
586342469House of BurgessesHeaded by British, a place for all colonies to get together under British rule eventually falls apart and conventions established
586342470Great Awakeninga religious revival where speakers travelled through America enlightening the people on new religious ideas and views.
586342471French Indian WarWar between British and French for control of America, help of the Indians over land and power in the New World
586342472Treaty of Paris 1763Ended the French and Indian War, ritish won giving them control of Missisisippi. French Haiti, Quebec, and they keep land west of Mississippi. Colonists not allowed to cross Proclamation line, Proclamation of 1763
586342473Proclamation of 1763Part of Treaty of Paris 1763, Firbids Americans from going into American territories, to protect from scalping Indians, Not strongly enforced but Americans don't really want to go to the Ohio territory Not meant as punishment Big deal when we started hating Brithsi
586342474Stamp ActAn act imposed by British that raised Revenue for British for the new military force. It taxed all stamped paper. Americans reacted with Stamp Act Congress and the Non important agreement
586342475Intolerable ActsReaction to Boston Tea Party Boston Port Act Quebec Act Quartering Act limited Massachusetts rights
586342476Boston MassacreBritish Troops in front of an arsenal opened fire on Bostonians. It was used by Paul Revere as propagandas to spread rebellious ideology
586342477Boston Tea Party1773, men throw tea into Boston Harbor
586342478Sons and Daughters of LibertySecret society of spies founded by Sam Adams in Boston
586342479Common SenseA pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that stated that it was simply common sense that we should no longer be governed by the British
586342480First Continental CongressReaction to Intolerable Acts, sent Olvie Branch petition, start preparing for attack at Concord
586342481Second Continental CongressBody of delegates from colonies that deal with war effort, establish Washignton as leader, all founding fathers
586342482Declaration of Independencewritten by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 Document that asserted that we were free and independent. Signed by our founding fathers, notably John Hancock
586342483Federalist Papersseries of essays published to sway public support of federalism
586342484Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John JayAuthor of federalist papers
586342485Revolutionary War1775-1781; American war of independence; began as a war between Britain and US but grew into a world war. America won.
586342486Treaty of Paris 1783peace treaty ending American Revolution establishes we won, we get land to mississippi, we must restore loyalist property and repay debts to British Creditors
586342487Articles of Confederationfirst Americans constitutions that established the United states as a loosely bound group of states under a week national Congress; replaced by Constitution 1789
586342488Land Ordinance of 1785Decision to survey Northwest territory and divided it
586342489Northwest Ordinance of 1787Determines what will be a state includes a policy of administering the Northwest territories. It includes a passage to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. Divided land into townships
5863424905000 white male voters, set up legislature, 60,000 settle in a territory and write a constitution, governorsHow to be a state
586342491Constitutional ConventionThey met to address the problems that they had front he central government that was under the Articles of Confederation. Originally met to revise articles, decided to start anew. Constitution came from this, James Madison compromises...
586342492Great CompromiseThe compromise that established a bicameral legislature
5863424933/5 compromisethe agree meant that slaves would be seen as 3/5 of a person for population reasons (South gets more House of Representatives Representatives)
586342494precedentWashington set these doing something for first time
586342495judicial reviewstates that the supreme court has the final say on whether an issue is Constitutional or not
586342496impressmentthe kidnapping of American sailors and forcing them to work on British ships
586342497Louisiana PurchasePurchase of Louisiana Territory, from French $15 million from Napoleon sells it to us because he needs money and only wants Haiti.
586342498Lewis and Clarke Expeditionan expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; traveled from St. Louis to the Columbia River (1803-1806) To pacific and back
586342499Tunisia, Algeria, Tripoli, MorroccoBarbary States (Tripolitan Wars)-Jefferson
586342500Embargolaws put in place to cut off trade with a nation or nations, France and British during wars with Napoleon=ineffective
586342501blockadeBritish naval blockade cut off incoming trade
586342502War of 1812second war for Independence; known as Madison's War-a war between the United States and the British Empire. Also known as the second war for independence. Ends in a draw. Treaty of Ghent
586342503Era of Good Feelingwe had defeated England twice, time with one political party after winning the war of 1812
586342504National Bankofficial bank of the US, located in New York, and created by Alexander Hamilton, threatened by Jackson, defended by Clay/Biddle
586342505Tariff of Abominationcalled this by south, taxed imports Jackson admin.
586342506Industrial RevolutionMovement in 1800s where factories emerged and industry drove the economies of Europe and eventually the US, shapes northern industrial economy
586342507Indian Removal ActAndrew Jackson's policy to remove the Five Civilized Tribes to lands west of Mississippi River, so Americans could have more land
586342508Trail of TearsThe cherokee tribe's journey to Indian Territory/Oklahoma, many died
586342509spoils systemthe giving away of government jobs to anyone even if they are not qualified of knowing them or in exchange for a gift (Jackson)
586342510nullification controversyis the argument that states rights are higher than federal rights so if their is a law that states don't like they have th right to refuse to follow it. Calhoun gets it from Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions
586342511Nationalismloyalty to one's country
586342512sectionalismloyalty to one's section of the country
586342513underground railroadthe harboring of free slaves and conveying them to Canada and freedom
586342514TranscendentalismA 19th century idealist philosophy and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity
586342515Seneca Falls ConventionA women's rights convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke here.
586342516Suffragethe right to vote
586342517manifest destinythe belief that God wants the Americans to spread the American throughout the country
586342518TexasTexas declares itself independent state in 1836 and remain so till 1845 when they are annexed (mutually wanted) to the Union.
586342519Mexican WarFought by America and Mexico over S. Boundary someone getting shot in between Nueces and Rio starts it, ends with Mexican Cession
586342520Treaty of Guadalupe HildalgoTreaty after Mexican War
586342521Temperance movementmovement to prohibit/restrict alcohol Neal S Dow, TS Arthur, National Temperance Association Fails
586342522Internal Improvementsrailroads, roads, bridges, to aid transportation throughout US
586342523annexationto add onto/ Texas Annexation 1845
586342524cessionwhen country is forced to give up land Mexican cession 1849
586342525secessionto leave the Union, South wants to do
586342526immigrationfloods of people enter and settle country. Irish and German
586342527war hawksPeople who called for war ex. 1812: Clay, Calhoun, Webster
586342528South plantation economycotton kingdom
586342529Abolitionist movementbefore Civil war to bring end to spread and practice of slavery
586342530Women's rights movementswomen same rights as men
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AP US Brinkley Ch. 5-7 Flashcards

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971824191Olive Branch PetionPetition by Congress allowing Great Britain the chance to avoid war in exchange for representation of the Americans in British Parliment.
971824192Declaration of IndependenceFinal straw for the Colonists to enter the American Revolution and began to outline the beginnings of a new Constitution.
971824193Articles of Confederation1st Constitution of the United States that had a weak central government that only stayed in effect during the Revolution
971824194French Involvement in the RevolutionFrench provided troops, loans, and munitions for the use of the Americans
971824195Phases of the War1st: New England (Split the colonies) 2nd: Mid-Atlantic 3rd: South (Use of Tories)
971824196Battle of SaratogaTurning point in the war that lead to alliance with France
971824197American Advantages in the Revolutionhome field, supplies, housing, British mistakes, French support
971824198Common Sense1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
971824199Iriquios ConfederacyBegan breaking appart after French-Indian War and were chased into Canada after Saratoga
971824200Treaty of ParisTreaty signed by Britain and American after Yorktown in 1783
971824201Female Camp FollowersPerformed necessary tasks in war camps, like cooking, cleaning, but also some ended up in combat (Molly Pitcher) lead to women's rights movements
971824202Statute of Religious LibertyGave complete freedom of religion in Virginia, gave way to 1st Amendment
971824203The Land OrdinancesDivided all of the land into grids and created territiories and states
971824204Shay's RebellionRebellion that took a lot of state militias to put down pushed for the need for a Constitution.
971824205Virginia PlanPosed the idea of representation based on population to the Constitutional Convention
971824206New Jersey PlanPosed the idea of equal representaion by state to the Constitutional Convention.
971824207Great ComprimiseCreated a two house system where the upper house is of equal representaion and the lower is by population.
9718242083/5 ComprimiseGave Slaves the right to be counted as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representaion
971824209Separation of PowersThe Constitution created 3 houses, the Executitve, Judicial, and Legeslative with a set of Checks and Balences to prevent corruption.
971824210FederalistsSet of powerful supporters of the Constitution that beleived in a stronger central government, wrote important documents like the Federalist Papers describing the views of the federalists.
971824211Anti-FederalistsOpposition to the Constitution that beleived that a strong central government would cause a tyranny like the King of England.
971824212Bill of Rights1st 10 ammendments of the Constitution that gave the original rights to citizen. Forced through Congress by the Anti- Federalists as a condition to the Constitution
971824213Alexander HamiltonThe first Secretary of the Treasury that developed the idea to create a national bank to assume debts for wars, to give loans to small buisnesses and to give the government a safe place to store money.
971824214Whiskey RebellionRebellion over the tax on Whiskey that was put down by George Washington leading state militias to put it down with intimidation. Lead to the need for a centralized national military.
971824215Jay's TreatyMade a peace between Britain and America and disallowed the British seizing of American merchant ships. It also created a commercial relationship between the countries and gave the US all of the Northwest.
971824216Pinckney's TreatyThomas Pinckney gained the support of the Spaniards so that America received the right to travel the Mississippi, deposit goods in New Orleans, extend the border further into Spanish Florida, and protection from Spain against Indians from Florida.
971824217XYZ AfairFrench ships were caught stealing American merchant ships and when Americans went to negotiate, were asked for a bribe to negotiate but refused. This lead to a few small fights between ships called the Quasi War and ended after a second trip to France.
971824218Alien and Sedition Acts(1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people
971824219Thomas JeffersonElected into office in 1800 as a Republican and tried to create a limited executivee while at times giving the President more power
971824220Jefferson's VisionA society of small independent freeholders with representation in a genral government with a weak Executive Branch.
971824221EducationDominated by private schooling though there were some weak public schooling systems. Women were only given Primary education for the purpose of being better mothers.
971824222Noah WebsterWrote books on new American spellings allong with other American authors to increase nationalism.
971824223New MedicineDoctors used new technics and systems to sure like bleeding and purging and midwives became unnessesary.
971824224Religious SkepticismGrowing uncertainty about traditional beleifs pertaining God that lead to the growth of religions like deism.
971824225DeismBeleif that God created the Earth and retracted Himself from influence from it.
971824226Second Great AwakeningAnother religious revival that further separated denominations but forced the growing idea that people could be of the same faith but not the same denomination.
971824227Camp MeetingsReligious meetings that were meant to further spread the Second Great Awakening through speakers.
971824228Eli WhitneyCredited with the invention of the Cotton Gin (separates cottonfrom seeds quickly) and Interchangable Parts (Parts that can be switched between machines to allow easy fixing)
971824229Northern EconomyAfter the invention of the Cotton Gin, the North became a textile industry with mostly factories.
971824230Industrial TransportationTurnpikes (hard packed rock used as roads) and the Steamboat (used for ease of travel down the Mississippi) further transformed the Industrial Revolution
971824231Barbary PiratesPirates off the coast of Africa that forced the US to create a navy to challenge the stealing of American ships.
971824232Marbury v. MadisonSupreme Court case where Marbury never received commission from Madison and John Marshall ruled that, under the Constitution, the court did not have juristiction. Established Judicial Review.
971824233Judicial ReviewTher ability for the court to rule things Constitutional or Unconstitutional.
971824234John MarshallThe Supreme Court chief justice at the time of Marbuy v. Madison that established judicial review.
971824235Lousianna PurchaseNapolean sold the US a large portion of land west of the Mississippi for a reletivley cheap price and Jefferson immedietly accepted.
971824236Aron BurrThe former Vice President involved in a conspiracy to separate the Louisianna Territory from the US and Mexico from Spain to create a Western Empire of his own. He also killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
971824237ImpressmentThe act of forcing or bribing people to join the army or navy. Used by the British in its navy due to harsh conditions.
971824238The EmbargoLaws preventing all trade with any country other than the US. Lead to the Non-Intercourse Act which reopened trade to all countries other than France and Britain.
971824239TecumsehLead a revolt against Americans to the Battle of Tippecanoe over movement of Indians west without Indian approval.
971824240William Henry HarrisonGoverner of the Indiana Territory that forced, willingly or unwillingly, Indians to move out of US lands, west toward the Pacific.
971824241War HawksMemebers of the US congress that were considered very eager to have a war with Britain
971824242War of 1812War with Britain over a series of problems to do with the acctual sovereignty of the US that ended with the Battle of New Orleans.
971824243Hartford ConventionA convention of New England Federalists that made the resolution to seceed from the US or to add 7 amendments to the Constitution. They lead to the end of the Federalist party once the War of 1812 ended.
971824244Treaty of GhentThe treaty ending the War of 1812 that gave the US Canada and ended impressment on US ships.
971824245Rush-Bagot AgreementCalled for the Disarment of the Great Lakes from Canada.
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Brinkley Chapter2 ID Flashcards

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212473394anne hutchinsonA religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)
212473395John winthropAs governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
212473396QuakersEnglish dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
212473397antinomianismthe theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)
212473398james oglethropeA colonist that got a charter from King George II and wanted that colony a new place where deptors will have a new freash start. The colony's name is Georgia. He outlawed slavery, no plantations but small farms, and limited the size of granted land.
212473399john smithHelped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter
212473400bacon's rebellionan uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.
212473401Mayflower compact1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
212473402navigation actsSeries of laws passed by England on its colonies that basically restricted colonies from buying imports from anywhere else but England. Based heavily on the theory of Mercantilism. Writs of assistance (search warrants) were issued in the 13 colonies as a means of enforcing the Navigation Acts. Became another primary reason for the outbreak of the American Revolution.
212473403roger williamsHe founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
212473404theocracygovernment run by religious leaders
212473405virginia house of burgesses1619, first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World.
212473406william bradfordA Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
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International Political Economy: Exam 1 Flashcards

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658811635First Era of Globalization19th Century
658811636What caused first era of globalization?Technological Advances: steam engine, railroad, telegraph, telephone, etc. Travel and shipping was faster, cheaper, and all around easier.
658811637Globalization is fueled by...Governments! Governments open economies up for trade
658811638Examples of governments "opening up"Britain - Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 Britain and France - Cobden-Chevalier Treaty 1860
658811639What caused a pulling away from globalization?World Wars Great Depression
658811640Smoot-Hawley TariffPlaced major taxes on imports into the U.S.; caused worse problems.
658811641Three theoretical traditionsMercantilism Liberalism Marxism
658811642Mercantilisman economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth - and therefore power - by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests; state directed resources to areas of national interest; limited imports
658811643Liberalismthe purpose of economic activity is to enrich individuals, not the state; supporters of freer trade; the state's role is only to establish and enforce property rights
658811644"Fathers of Liberalism"Adam Smith David Ricardo
658811645Marxismthe political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Karl Marx that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded; state is puppet of capitalists who have money and power
658811646What causes international economic policies of different governments?Interests and Institutions
658811647Interests are...the goals or policy objectives that the central actors in the political system and the economy want to use foreign economic policy to achieve
658811648Who are the central actors?individuals, firms, labor unions, interest groups, and governments
658811649Material Interestsderived for actor's position in the economy
658811650Ideasmental models that provide a coherent set of beliefs about cause-effect relationships
658811651Institutions...enable groups within countries, and groups of countries within the international state system, to reach and enforce collective decisions
658811652Political Institutionsestablish the rules governing the political process
658811653Domestic Systemsare hierarchic; central authority that upholds law and order
658811654International Systemis anarchic; no central authority makes cooperation difficult
658811655The Enforcement Problemthat fact that it is impossible to know another state's true intentions and trust them to follow through on agreements
658811656Why do countries trade?because they are different!
658811657How are states different?different relative labor productivity across sectors; different relative endowments of inputs (land, labor, capital); varying laws and institutions
658811658Comparative Advantagethe advantage a state has in producing a certain good for export more efficiently than any other state
658811659Opportunity Costwhat comparative advantage is based off of; benefits a state could have received by taking an alternate action
658811660Free Tradefew restrictions on imports and exports; little government interference in pricing; priced determined by global markets
658811661Protectionismregulation of imports and exports; tariffs and other rules manipulate prices; prices not wholly determined by global market
658811662Types of protectionist measures:tariffs quotas subsidies "dumping" licensing requirements
658811663Trade Bargaininggovernments exchange market access commitments and determine how trade will occur
658811664Regional Trade Agreements:NAFTA EC --> EU MERCOSUR
658811665Global Trade Bargaining Forums:GATT WTO
658811666GATTgeneral agreement on tariffs and trade; est. 1948; purpose to reduce tariff barriers; used principle of reciprocity and principle of non-discrimination
658811667Principle of non-discriminationMost Favored Nation (MNF)
658811668Most Favored Nationany trade barrier a state gets rid of for one state they must also get rid of for all the others in the organization
658811669WTOworld trade organization; replaced GATT in 1994; principles of reciprocity and non-discrimination; negotiations in rounds
658811670Doha Roundgoals: to reduce US/EU barriers to agricultural products from emerging markets; reduce emerging markets barriers to manufactured goods from US/EU; currently at standstill
658811671Game TheoryAn approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome of a particular strategy depends on the strategies used by other individuals.
658811672Prisoner's DilemmaA type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the defective move appears to be in one's self-interest (a Nash equilibrium), but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.
658811673Nash Equilibriumdominant strategy is to defect no matter what the other player is doing
658811674Stag Hunt GameA game where either player can gain largely from cooperation or gain little by defection; depends on trust of other player
658811675Cooperation is difficult because...states have incomplete info there are incentives to misrepresent fear of "suckers payoff"
658811676Shadow of the Futurecooperation emerges when players may meet again, casting a shadow back on the current situation
658811677Reciprocitycooperate on the first move, then copy other player on the second; this punishes defection and rewards cooperation
658811678How the WTO facilitates cooperation:creates expectations of repeated interaction; creates transparency by monitoring members behavior and collecting and disseminating info on trade policies; sets standards for evaluation of trade policy; sets up standard procedure for trade disputes (Dispute Settlement Mechanism-DSM)
658811679What determines trade objectives of governments?interest group pressure domestic institutions states interests
658811680Factor Modelfree trade raises income of those who own the locally abundant factor and reduces in income of those who own locally scarce factor (Stolpler-Samuelson) i.e. labor, land, capital; class competition
658811681Sector Modeltrade divides society by sector or industry; assumes factors are immobile, therefore trade affects the income in all factors of the sector
658811682Interest groups are a...public good
658811683Public Goodnon excludable and non consumable
658811684Collective Action Problembenefits everyone no matter who contributes; incentive to free ride
658811685How do interest groups overcome the collective action problem?Small group size - easy to monitor, greater per capita benefit Privileged groups - those that get greater benefits will be more willing to carry the load Selective incentives - excludable benefits that can only be obtained by contributing
658811686Domestic Institutionsshape how competition between groups unfolds through establishing rules that influence interest group strategies
658811687Rules affect...how and where interest groups exert pressure; which interests politicians must respond to
658811688Majoritarian Electoral Systemsingle member districts, first past the post elections, can win with only plurality vote (sector model)
658811689Proportional Representation Electoral Systemmulti-member districts, distributes parties' legislative representation in proportion to their share in the popular vote (factor model)
658811690What is a veto player?a political actor whose agreement is necessary in order to enact a policy i.e. president
658811691Who traditionally sets U.S. tariffs?constitution empowers Congress to; RTAA of 1934 delegates it to the President
658811692State Interestswhat politicians feel is better for the state as a whole as opposed to certain interest groups
658811693Infant Industry Protectionnewly created firms will initially be inefficient and need protection to become competitive on the international level
658811694Why are infant industries initially inefficient?Economies of Scale Economies of Experience
658811695Economies of Scalecost of production varies with size of output
658811696Economies of Experienceefficient production requires skills that can only be acquired through production in that industry
658811697Industrial Policydiverts resources toward particular group of industries they want to support
658811698Strategic Trade Theorybuilds on infant industry case for protectionism, argues that markets in some sectors are not perfectly competitive but rather oligopolistic competition; creates justification for government intervention to increase national income
658811699Oligopolistic Marketsearn excess returns, greater than could be earned in other markets; therefore workers in such industry earn higher incomes, therefore increased national income
658811700First Mover Advantageachieving economies of scale and experience by entering a market before competitors; state subsidies can alter this
658811701Dependency TheoryA structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop. World System - core and periphery
658811702Declining Terms of Tradeprice of primary goods tend to decline relative to capital intensive goods
658811703Income Elasticity of Demanddegree to which a change in income alters demand for a particular product; manufactured goods have higher elasticity
658811704Incomes rising in core countries will...barely increase percent spent on periphery products
658811705Incomes rising in periphery countries will...greatly increase percent spent on core products
658811706Import Substitution Industrializationgenerate industrialization by promoting domestic consumption of domestically produced goods; big internal markets; exporting goods discouraged
658811707Three components of ISIhigh barriers to trade subsidies to industry state owned enterprises
658811708What about agriculture in ISI?state-run agriculture marketing boards; farmers forced to sell goods to marketing board lower than world marketing price
658811709Why didn't ISI work?budget deficits - government spending more than bringing in with revenues, protected industries never "grew up;" trade deficits - tended to import more goods than they exported as equipment for manufacture corruption - restrictions generated incentives for bribary
658811710Export Oriented Industrializationhigh barriers on imports while implementing policies to encourage exports
658811711Export Oriented Policies:export processing zones; fixed exchange rates; U.S. preferential access to markets; government influence
658811712NeoliberalismA strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
658811713Structural Adjustment ProgramsWTO or IMF exchanged loans for policy reforms designed to reduce role of state and increase the role of the market in an economy
658811714How were SAPs implemented?in a top-down manner; international institutions had more to do with the reforms than domestic ones did
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AP Bio-Ch. 9: The Cell Cycle and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

McGraw Hill AP Biology 8th edition, Sylvia S. Mader. 40 vocab

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107539286AnaphaseMitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle0
107539287AngiogenesisFormation of new blood vessels; one mechanism by which cancer spreads1
107539288ApoptosisProgrammed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cells2
107539289Asexual reproductionReproduction that requires only one parent and does not and does not involve gametes3
107539290AsterShort, radiating fibers produced by the centosomes in animal cells4
107539291Binary FissionSplitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria5
107539292CancerMalignant tumor whose nondiffentiated cells exhibit loss of contact inhibition6
107539293CarcinogenesisDevelopment of Cancer7
107539294Cell CycleRepeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1 and M8
107539295Cell PlateStructure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls9
107539296CentrioleCell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division10
107539297CentromereConstriction where sister chromatids of a chromosome are held together11
107539298CentrosomeCentral microtubule organizing centor of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles12
107539299ChromatinNetwork of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing13
107539300CyclinProtein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.14
107539301CytokinesisDivision of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis15
107539302Diploid (2n) numberCell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present16
107539303Haploid (n) numberCell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present17
107539304InterphaseStages of the cell cycle (G1,S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing18
107539305KinetochoreDisk-shaped structure within the centomere of a chromosome to which spindle microtubules become attached19
107539306LeukemiaCancer of the blood-forming tissues leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells20
107539307MetaphaseMitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate21
107539308Metaphase PlateA disk formed during metaphase in which all of a cell's chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers22
107539309MetastasisSpread of cancer form the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues23
107539310MitosisProcess in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus24
107539311NucleoidRegion of prokaryotic where DNA is located; it is not25
107539312OncogeneGene-causing gene26
107539313GeneUnit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited - one from each parent27
107539314P53 GeneFor control for cell division the p5 gene halts the cell cycle when DNA mutates and is in need of repair28
107539315PrometaphaseMitotic phase during which the spindle is in process of forming, and kietochores of chromosomea are attaching to kinetochore spindle fibers.29
107539316ProphaseMitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered30
107539317Proto-oncogeneNormal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation31
107539318Sister chromatidOne of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere32
107539319Somatic CellsBody Cell; Excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or egg33
107539320Somatic SystemPortion of the peripheral nervous system containing motor neurons that controls skeletal muscles34
107539321SpindleMicrotubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division35
107539322TelomereTip of the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and may thereby regulate the number of times a cell can divide36
107539323TelophaseMitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole37
107539324TumorCells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division; benign tumors remain at the site of origin, while malignant tumors metastasize.38
107539325Tumor-suppressor geneGene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses cell division; inactivity can lead to a tumor39
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DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Flashcards

DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Test- Ch. 12

Terms : Hide Images
608620968Helicase"unzips" (splits) the two strands of DNA-protein synthesis
608620969Templateeach strand serves as a ______for a new strand
608620970NucleotideDNA polymerase adds one _____ at a time on the template
608620971Complementarythe new strand created is ______to the backbone/template
608620972TranscriptionDNA transfers to RNA in this process
608620973TranslationRNA transfers to protein in this process
608620974Nucleustranscription takes place in the _______
608620975RNAthe goal of transcription is to create _____
608620976Thymine (T)RNA does not have _____-transcription
608620977Uracil (U)Adenine (A) is complementary to _____-transcription
608620978UracilRNA has ______ (U)-transcription
608620979SingleRNA is a _____ strand-transcription
608620980Messenger RNA (mRNA)the RNA strand is called_____-transcription
608620981Nuclear Poresthe mRNA strand leaves the nucleus through the ________-transcription
608620982Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA's full name
608620983Ribonucleic AcidRNA's full name
608620984"-ase"most enzymes end with this ending
608620985Cytoplasmtranslation takes place in the ______
6086209863mRNA is "read" ____ base pairs at a time-translation
608620987Rosalind Franklinused x-rays to get pictures of DNA for studies. Found that it was a long fiber in the shape of a helix.
608620988James Watson/ Francis Crickfound structure of DNA-double-helix, used Franklin's x-ray work, won the Noble Prize. Constructed the final model of the DNA structure as a double helix with sugar-phosphate groups on the outside, and paired bases on the inside.
608620989Double-Helixa twisted ladder is a representation of a ________
608620990DNA______ is made up of nucleotides.
608620991Complementary Base PairsA&T pair, G&C pair are examples of ___________
608620992MistakesMutations are ______ in transcription
608620993DNA Replication___________ is the process of making two exact copies of a DNA molecule from one parent molecule.
608620994Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine________, ________, _______, and ________ are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.
608620995ThymineAdenine pairs with __________.
608620996CytosineGuanine pairs with __________.
608620997Structure of DNADNA is like a ladder or spiral staircase. The outside is made of a sugar-phosphate backbone with alternating sugars and phosphates and the inside "steps" are the nitrogenous bases.
608620998Helicase________ unwinds the helix. (DNA replication)
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!