AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 7 Flashcards

Membrane Structure and Function

Terms : Hide Images
896088571amphipathicmolecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region such as a phosopholipid
896088572fluid mosaic modelstructural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer
896088573selective permeabilityA property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances.
896088574integral proteinTypically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
896088575peripheral proteinsprotein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
896088576glycolipidmembrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids
896088577glycoproteina protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
896088578transport proteinA transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
896088579aquaporina transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane
896088580diffusionprocess by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
896088581concentration gradienta difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
896088582passive transportThe movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
896088583osmosisdiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
896088584tonicityThe ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water
896088585isotonicwhen the concentration of two solutions is the same
896088586hypotonichaving a lower concentration of solute than another solution
896088587hypertonicsolution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution
896088588osmoregulationThe control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.
896088589plasmolysiscollapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water
896088590facilitated diffusionmovement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
896088591ion channela transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient
896088592gated channela transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus
896088593phagocytosisthe process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells
896088594pinocytosisprocess by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
896088595Receptor mediated endocytosisallows the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substrates by receptors to which substrates attach which are then engulfed by the cell
896088596endocytosisprocess by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
896088597exocytosisprocess by which a cell releases large amounts of material
896088598ligandA molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
896088599electrogenic pumpAn ion transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
896088600proton pumpAn active transport mechanism in cell membranes that uses ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell, generating a membrane potential in the process
896088601electrochemical gradientThe diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
896088602cotransporta single ATP powered pump that transports one solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in this mechanism as the solute that has been actively transported diffuses back passively through a transport protein its movement can be coupled with the active transport of another substance against its concentration gradient
896088603membrane potentialThe charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
896088604Na K PumpActive transporter that moves three Na+ out of a cell and two K+ into the cell against their respective concentration gradients.
896088605active transportenergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824 Flashcards

The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824

Terms : Hide Images
505458143Invasion of Canada (1813)Poorly planned and executed military action made by America that resulted in defeat by the British, marked the beginning of action in the war of 1812. 3-pronged assault that was meant to "divide and conquer".
505458144USS Consititution ("Old Ironsides")affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull, and destroyed some British war ships.
505458145Adm. Oliver Perrynaval officer famous for saying "We have met the enemy and they are ours". led the war on the Great Lakes, was a key compenent in the naval victory at Lake Erie
505458146Battle of the Thames (1813)William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.
505458147Thomas Macdonough/Plattsburgh (1814)naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.
505458148Burning of Washington (1814)during the War of 1812, a British armada ship sailed the Chesapeake Bay and burned the white House. The attack came in reponse to the American burning of Toronto. it inspired francis Scott Key's "Star spangled Banner."
505458149Fort McHenry/Francis Scott KeyDuring the War of 1812 on September 13-14, Fort McHenry withstood a 25-hour bombardment by the British Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochane and his fleet, which prompted the famous "Star-spangled Banner," by Francis Scott Key when he saw the flag still standing.
505458150Gen. Andrew Jacksonsent to Florida and deposed the Spanish governor leading to the ceding of Florida by Spain to the US. Millitary hero and future president who wan the Battle of New Orleans
505458151Battle of New Orleans (1815)Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished ironically. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to fight the Brits.
505458152Treaty of Ghent (1814)was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.
505458153John Quincy AdamsSecretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
505458154"Blue-Light" Federalistsderogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners, the specific event supposedly happening in 1813, in New London, Connecticut, when Commodore Stephen Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the New London river in sight of the British blockaders. He was convinced that these were signals to betray his plans.
505458155Hartford Convention (1814)New England states opposed the war and the Republican government in Washington, radical Federalists urged that the Consitution be changed. They called for this special meeting. A two-thirds vote of both houses for any future declaration, was one of the many adopted proposals from this convention.
505458156NationalismPolitical ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe
505458157Washington IrvingAmerican writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
505458158James Fenimore Cooperone of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. (pg. 212-213).
505458159North American ReviewMagazine published after War 1812 began publication in 1815 .Created a sense of nationalism/ "Intellectual Magazine"
505458160Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)- The War of 1812 = chaos in banking, showed inadequacies - Underlined need for 2nd bank, after 1st bank charter done, large # of state banks issues bank notes causing variety of currency at different values, counterfeiting easy - Congress charted 2nd bank with more capital thank 1st - National Bank not stop state banks from issuing $ but size and pwr compelled state banks issue sound $ or bankrupt
505458161Stephen DecaturAmerican naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.
505458162Tariff of 1816This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
505458163Henry ClayDistinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
505458164"American System"an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.
505458165Erie Canal (1825)New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (329)
505458166James Monroe (1817-1825)was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last Founding Father of the United States, the last one from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation to become the U.S. President. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" - a period of relatively little partisan strife - and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation in 1823 of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served in the Continental Congress. As an anti-Federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During the War of 1812 Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison. Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions and embarked on a tour of the country. He was well received everywhere, as nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued. The Panic of 1819 struck and the dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection. In 1823, he announced the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4, 1831.
505458167"Era of Good Feelings"A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
505458168Panic of 1819Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
505458169"Wildcat" banksThe banks of the western frontier. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of wildcat banks.
505458170Cumberland Road (1811)A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.
505458171Tallmadge amendment (1819)Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
505458172Missouri Compromise (Clay, 1820)missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and maine would become a state but free, the rest of the louisiana purchase past the 36 30 line would always be free
505458173John MarshallHe served in the Continental Army during the Revolution. In the 1790s he had embraced the Federalist Party. Marshall tossed the Republicans a few crumbs by ruling that the Supreme Court could not compel Madison to deliver Marbury's commission. Then he argued that the Court could not issue a writ of mandamus in its original jurisdiction. The 1st time the court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.
505458174"Loose construction"a person who interprets the constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking.
505458175McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
505458176Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.
505458177Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
505458178Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.
505458179Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests
505458180Daniel WebsterFamous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
505458181Oregon Territoryterritory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818
505458182Treaty of 1818 (Britain)Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.
505458183Jackson's Florida campaign (1818)Jackson oversaw the Florida Territory for a short time. The biggest problem was the Seminole Indians who were invading American frontier settlements- Jackson dealt with rebels harshly and hung numerous men.
505458184Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)Spain turned over Western Florida along with the East and its own claims in the Oregon territory to the United States and the US took the 5 million dollar claim Spain had and gave up all claims they had to Spanish TX
505458185Canning proposal (1823)British proposed US combine with england in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring american territory and warning europe to keep away from latin american republics
505458186Monroe Doctrine (1823)Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.

Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824 Flashcards

The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824

Terms : Hide Images
505458143Invasion of Canada (1813)Poorly planned and executed military action made by America that resulted in defeat by the British, marked the beginning of action in the war of 1812. 3-pronged assault that was meant to "divide and conquer".
505458144USS Consititution ("Old Ironsides")affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull, and destroyed some British war ships.
505458145Adm. Oliver Perrynaval officer famous for saying "We have met the enemy and they are ours". led the war on the Great Lakes, was a key compenent in the naval victory at Lake Erie
505458146Battle of the Thames (1813)William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.
505458147Thomas Macdonough/Plattsburgh (1814)naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.
505458148Burning of Washington (1814)during the War of 1812, a British armada ship sailed the Chesapeake Bay and burned the white House. The attack came in reponse to the American burning of Toronto. it inspired francis Scott Key's "Star spangled Banner."
505458149Fort McHenry/Francis Scott KeyDuring the War of 1812 on September 13-14, Fort McHenry withstood a 25-hour bombardment by the British Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochane and his fleet, which prompted the famous "Star-spangled Banner," by Francis Scott Key when he saw the flag still standing.
505458150Gen. Andrew Jacksonsent to Florida and deposed the Spanish governor leading to the ceding of Florida by Spain to the US. Millitary hero and future president who wan the Battle of New Orleans
505458151Battle of New Orleans (1815)Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished ironically. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to fight the Brits.
505458152Treaty of Ghent (1814)was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.
505458153John Quincy AdamsSecretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
505458154"Blue-Light" Federalistsderogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners, the specific event supposedly happening in 1813, in New London, Connecticut, when Commodore Stephen Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the New London river in sight of the British blockaders. He was convinced that these were signals to betray his plans.
505458155Hartford Convention (1814)New England states opposed the war and the Republican government in Washington, radical Federalists urged that the Consitution be changed. They called for this special meeting. A two-thirds vote of both houses for any future declaration, was one of the many adopted proposals from this convention.
505458156NationalismPolitical ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe
505458157Washington IrvingAmerican writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
505458158James Fenimore Cooperone of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. (pg. 212-213).
505458159North American ReviewMagazine published after War 1812 began publication in 1815 .Created a sense of nationalism/ "Intellectual Magazine"
505458160Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)- The War of 1812 = chaos in banking, showed inadequacies - Underlined need for 2nd bank, after 1st bank charter done, large # of state banks issues bank notes causing variety of currency at different values, counterfeiting easy - Congress charted 2nd bank with more capital thank 1st - National Bank not stop state banks from issuing $ but size and pwr compelled state banks issue sound $ or bankrupt
505458161Stephen DecaturAmerican naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.
505458162Tariff of 1816This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
505458163Henry ClayDistinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
505458164"American System"an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.
505458165Erie Canal (1825)New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (329)
505458166James Monroe (1817-1825)was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last Founding Father of the United States, the last one from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation to become the U.S. President. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" - a period of relatively little partisan strife - and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation in 1823 of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served in the Continental Congress. As an anti-Federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During the War of 1812 Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison. Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions and embarked on a tour of the country. He was well received everywhere, as nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued. The Panic of 1819 struck and the dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection. In 1823, he announced the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4, 1831.
505458167"Era of Good Feelings"A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
505458168Panic of 1819Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
505458169"Wildcat" banksThe banks of the western frontier. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of wildcat banks.
505458170Cumberland Road (1811)A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.
505458171Tallmadge amendment (1819)Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
505458172Missouri Compromise (Clay, 1820)missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and maine would become a state but free, the rest of the louisiana purchase past the 36 30 line would always be free
505458173John MarshallHe served in the Continental Army during the Revolution. In the 1790s he had embraced the Federalist Party. Marshall tossed the Republicans a few crumbs by ruling that the Supreme Court could not compel Madison to deliver Marbury's commission. Then he argued that the Court could not issue a writ of mandamus in its original jurisdiction. The 1st time the court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.
505458174"Loose construction"a person who interprets the constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking.
505458175McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
505458176Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.
505458177Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
505458178Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.
505458179Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests
505458180Daniel WebsterFamous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
505458181Oregon Territoryterritory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818
505458182Treaty of 1818 (Britain)Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.
505458183Jackson's Florida campaign (1818)Jackson oversaw the Florida Territory for a short time. The biggest problem was the Seminole Indians who were invading American frontier settlements- Jackson dealt with rebels harshly and hung numerous men.
505458184Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)Spain turned over Western Florida along with the East and its own claims in the Oregon territory to the United States and the US took the 5 million dollar claim Spain had and gave up all claims they had to Spanish TX
505458185Canning proposal (1823)British proposed US combine with england in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring american territory and warning europe to keep away from latin american republics
505458186Monroe Doctrine (1823)Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.

AP U.S. History: French and Indian Wars to the American Revolution Flashcards

French and Indian Wars to the American Revolution 1754-1775

Terms : Hide Images
24734663Where was the French and Indian War fought?Ohio Valley and St. Lawrence
24734664What was the turning point battle in the French and Indian War?Battle of Quebec
24734665What was France forced to do by the Treaty of Paris (1763)?give up the continent
24734666What did England receive by the Treaty of Paris (1763)?Florida and East of Mississippi
24734667Why did France help the American colonies in the Revolution?revenge against England
24734668What did the King's Proclamation Line of 1763 do?closed Ohio Valley to colonists
24734669What is another name for the French and Indian War?Seven Years War
24734751What did the Stamp Act of 1765 require?requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents
24734789"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" was a colonial response written by John Dickenson to what?the Townshend Acts
24735160What acts were issued as a direct response to The Boston Tea Party?the Intolerable Acts

Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire Flashcards

1775-1783
"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."
Thomas Paine, December 1776
This chapter deals with the colonist fight for independence from the British.

Terms : Hide Images
392759992George WashingtonHead of Army in Boston. Member of Congress. From Virginia.
392759993Revolutionary WarWar between the colonists and their British rulers for independence. Fought from April 1775-1776
392759994Bunker HillJune 1775, colonists seized Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) in Boston. 3000 British soldiers attacked 1500 colonists in Bunker Hill. Arms supply ran out and colonists were forced to abandon the hill
392759995Olive Branch PetitionJuly 1775; Congress announced loyalty to the king and begged for the preventage of future hostilities.
392759996HessiansGerman soldiers who were bought by the British to fight the rebelling colonists. Most worried more about money than their duty.
392759997Thomas PaineRevolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet "Common Sense" arguing for American independence from Britain
392759998"Common Sense"a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
392759999Richard Henry LeeDeclared that "these united states are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states on June 7, 1776
392760000Thomas JeffersonAppointed by Congress to prepare a formal declaration of separation along with others in a committee
392760001Declaration of IndependenceWritten by a committee appointed by Congress and formally adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared separation from England and the U.S was to be a free country
392760002LoyalistsColonist who were loyal to the king
392760003PatriotsColonists who were not loyal to the king; Rebels
392760004Loyalist ExodusNearly 80,000 Loyalist were persecuted and driven out of America
392760005Battle of Long IslandGeorge Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle in 1776. Outnumbered and surrounded, the troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan. He then crossed the Hudson river to New Jersey.
392760006Battle of YorktownLast major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was caught between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
392760007Treaty of ParisTreaty between Britian and the U.S where Britain agreed to formally recognize the U.S as and independent nation.
394831696Richard MontgomeryA former British army member who led a troop of American men towards Lake Champlain and then captured Montreal
394831697General Benedict ArnoldGeneral for U.S army who met Montgomery at Quebec to fight with him. Arnold was wounded during the Battle of Quebec.
394831698RepublicanismThe idea that the U.S should become a republic. The idea came from Thomas Paine.
394831699RepublicA government system where the power flowed from the people and all government officials are elected by the peoples popular consent.
394831700General William HoweCommander of the British army that followed Washington during the Battle of Long Island. He followed Washington to the Delaware river, where he decided that he didn't like the idea of winter campaigning and decided to let Washington cross without chase.
394831701General BurgoyneGeneral of a British army that was sent to capture the Hudson River Valley. He didn't leave Montreal until 1777 and his progress was slow because of the heavy baggage and the wives of officers in his army. While just North of Albany, he was surronded by American militia men and had no choice but to surrender.
394831702"Model Treaty"Sample treaty drafted by John Adams to give to American diplomats going to France. The three basic principles were 1. No political connection 2. No military connection 3. Only a commercial connection
394831703Benjamin FranklinDiplomat who went to France to discuss the "Model Treaty". He was successful in getting a treaty with France, but it was not exactly like the "Model Treaty".
394831704Armed NeutralityOrganized by Catherine the Great of Russia. It lined up the reamaining neutral countries in Europe to a passive hostility towards Britain.

Chapter 7 - The Road to Revolution Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Road to Revolution (1763-1775)

Terms : Hide Images
934121432John HancockRebel ring leader. 1775 - British commander in Boston sent troops to nearby Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to bag the rebel ringleaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock "Lexington Massacre" British had to fight of fire from militiamen crouched behind stone walls
934121433George GrenvilleBritish Prime Minister - 1763 - ordered British Navy to enforce navigation laws. Imposed the Sugar Act, Quartering Act and Stamp Act In response to "taxation without representation" protest, he said that all Americans - even colonists - were represented in Parliament.
934121434Sam AdamsFrom Boston - John Adams cousin Unimpressive in appearance - hands shook Loved politics Appealed to mobs Organized local committees of correspondence Spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters. Kept alive opposition to British policy Some felt they were very negative
934121435Crispus AttucksOne of first citizens to die in Boston Massacre. Powerfully built "mulatto" runaway Leader of the mob of colonists against the British soldiers
934121436Marquis de LaffayetteWealthy young French nobleman Made a major general in Colonial Army Helped secure aid from France 19 years old
934121437Baron von SteubenGerman born Stern leader of the Colonial Army Spoke no English when he arrived Trained the soldiers
934121438HessiansGermans who were hired by British to be soldiers in British Army Britain had a professional army of 50,000 men American army not as large But British army had to be concerned w/Ireland and France
934121439MercantilismWealth is power and a county's economic wealth and political power can be measured by the amt of gold and silver in it's treasury. To amass gold/silver - must export more than is imported. The colonies gave an advantage - could supply raw materials to mother country -reduce need to import and guarantee a market for export.
934121440Stamp ActPrime Minister George Grenville first aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by ordering British Navy to begin strictly enforcing navigation laws. Also secured sugar act of 1764 - first law ever passed by that body for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown.
9341214411765 - stamp tax -- to raise new revenues to support new military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper or affixing stamps certifying payment of tax. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal docs Playing cards, pamphlets, marriage licenses, bills of lading, newspapers, diplomas Grenville simply asking Americans to pay fair share of their defense through taxes already familiar in Britain. Stamp tax in Britain was heavier Colonists aroused at Grenvilles' fiscal aggression. Offenders were tried in courts where there were no juries Defendants assumed GUILTY unless they could prove they were innocent
934121442- Townshend Actslight import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea indirect customs duty payable at American ports - unlike the Stamp Act - collected differently ocolonists still upset b/c it was taxation w/o representation. Tax on tea was especially bothersome Approx 1 million people drank tea twice a day Funds raised by these taxes were to pay royal governors and judges in America.
934121443- Boston MassacreMarch , 1770 60 townspeople set upon a squad of 10 British soldiers (redcoats) under extreme provocation, troops opened fire and killed or wounded eleven "innocent" citizens.
934121444- Stamp Act Congressbrought together in NYC 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and asked the king and parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation largely ignored in England. Ripples began to erode suspicions - brought together around same table leaders from rival colonies Step toward colonial unity More effective than congress was the wide spread adoption against import of British goods. When Act was to go into effect, there was no one to enforce it
934121445- Virtual representationo Theory that Americans WERE represented in Parliament even though they did not live in Britain. o British denied that sovereign power could not be divided between legislative power in London and taxing authority in America - the Colonists had to consider their own political independence.
934121446- Sons of Liberty• Took law into their own hands when protesting against British Acts • Sometimes violent • "Liberty, Property and No Stamps" o the enforced the non-importation agreements against violators often with tar and feathers.
934121447- Boston Tea Partyo British official stubbornly refused to turn away - tried to deliver the tea. • Mass governor Thomas Hutchinson was determined not to budge - thought colonists had not right to disregard the tea tax • Dec 16, 1773 - Colonists disguised as Indians boarded the ships and smashed open 342 chests and dumped the contents into Boston harbor.
934121448- Intolerable Actso 1774 - series of acts designed to punish Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general. • Boston Port Act - closed the Boston harbor until damage could be repaired o Many of the rights of Mass. were swept away • Restrictions on town meetings. • Soldiers who killed colonial citizens were sent to Britain for trial • Colonists skeptical of this - didn't think • the soldiers would actually be tried
934121449- Quebec Acto Passed at same time as intolerable acts • Good law in bad company • How to govern the French subjects it had taken in Canada o French guaranteed religion o Permitted to retain many old customs • No trial by jury • French Canadians thought it was a shrewd and conciliatory (to pacify or appease) measure. • Americans did not like the act o Feared that it set a dangerous precedent against jury trials o Feared it would allow Catholicism to spread
934121450- Divisions among the colonists regarding support for the Revolutiono States believed they were sovereign - independent of each other • Resented Congress exercise of its powers. • Economic issues • Metal money had been eheavily drained away o Had to print money o Money had no value • inflation
934121451- The importance and role of the first Continental Congress• Consider ways of addressing Colonial grievances. • 12 of 13 colonies were there - not Georgia o 75 men attended o 7 weeks o Intercolonial frictions were reduced - men socialized with each other • Not legislative - rather it was consultative o Convention rather than a Congress • John Adams played key role - helped defeat the proposal by moderates which would have had America exist as a nation which ruled itself under British direction. • Most significant action - creation of The Association o Called for complete boycott of British goods • Nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption • But, not yet calling for independence
934121452- Ways the colonists resisted the varying British acts passed prior to the Revolutiono Stamp act drew most furious fire of colonists o Americans Protested • "no taxation without representation" • Americans made a distinction between legislation and taxation • Only their own elected officials could tax them • Not distant British • Boycotted items • Didn't eat lamb chops • Didn't buy cloth • Stopped importing items from Britain • Non-importation hit Britain hard o Shippers suffered o Hundreds of laborers were thrown out of work
934121453- Reasons why the independence of the 13 colonies was inevitableo London govt o asked colonies to shoulder some of the financial cost of the empire. Change in British financial policy o European immigrants wanted to claim land as their own - not as willing to accept their lowly station in life as people living in the old world - not as much history in the new land o Britain said they could not split legis power in London and taxing power in Colonies

The American Pageant: Chapter 6, The Duel for North America, 1608-1763 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
157728018HuguenotsFrench Protestants
157728019Edict of Nantesgranted limited toleration to French Protestants in 1598
157728020Coureurs de bois-French Fur trappers -recruited Indians into the fur business
157728021War of Jenkin's Earit was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the much buffeted buffer colony of Georgia
157728022French and Indian War-also known as the Seven Year's War, -Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
157728023Albany Congress-attempted to govern and unify colonies -contributed by Benjamin Franklin -colonist felt as if it did not give enough independence
157728024Battle of Quebec-turning point of war when Quebec surrendered to the French in 1759 -Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America
157728025Pontiac's uprising1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
157728026Proclamation of 1763issued by King goege III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. organize Britain's vast new North American empire, and to stabilize relations with North American Indians through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. forbade Americans from settling or buying land west of the Appalachians.
157728027Samuel de Chaplainleading figure of the french in qubec in 1608; an itrepid soldier whose energy and leadership earned him the title "father of new france"
157728028Edward Braddocka British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

The Duel for North America, 1608-1763 Flashcards

http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/vocabulary/chapter-6-the-duel-for-north-america/

Terms : Hide Images
762550292domesticConcerning the internal affairs of a country. "It was convulsed...by foreign wars and domestic strife..."
762550293ministerIn politics, a person appointed by the head of the state to take charge of some department agency of government. "Leadership of a high order was provided by a series of brilliant ministers..."
762550294magistratea civil official charged with upholding the law, often exercising both judicial and executive power. "...there was no trial by jury-merely the decision of the magistrate.
762550295peasantA farmer of agricultural laborer, sometime legally tied to the land. "Landowning French peasants...had little economic motive to move."
762550296coureurs des boisFrench-Canadian fur trappers; literally, "runners of the wood." "These colorful coureurs des bois...were also runners of risk..."
762550297voyageursFrench-Canadian fur traders and adventurers. "Singing, paddle-swimming French voyageurs also recruited Indians..."
762550298ecologicalConcerning the relations between the biological organisms of their environment. "...they extinguished the beaver population..., inflicting incalculable ecological damage."
762550299mutinousConcerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. "...he...was murdered by his mutinous men."
762550300strategicConcerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy. "Commanding the mouth of the Mississippi River, this strategic semitropical outpost also tapped the fur trade..."
762550301guerilla warfareUnconventional combat wagged by smaller military units using hit-and-run tactics. "...so a kind of primitive guerilla war prevailed."
762550302buffer"A territory between two hostile states, designed to soften an attack from one or the other side. "It was confined... to the much-buffeted colony of Georgia..."
762550303siegeA military operation surrounding and attacking a fortified place, often over a sustained period. "After a ten-hour siege he was forced to surrender..."
762550304flotillaA fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. "The Indian fur flotilla...numbered four hundred canoes."
762550305RegularsTrained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. "...they had fought bravely beside the crack British regulars..."
762550306commissionsAn official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. "...the British refused to recognize any American militia commission..."

Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Flashcards

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution

(1700- 1775)

(The American Pagent)

Terms : Hide Images
434209962Pennsylvania "Dutch"Known as large numbers of German speaking protestants. They were called this because people coundn't pronounce the word Deutsch, which means German.1
434209963Scots-IrishA group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.2
434209964Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecoeura Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America3
434209965"Bread" coloniesProduced massive amounts of grain. Included New York, New Jersey, New England, and Pennsylvania. A nickname for the middle colonies because their main export was grain.4
434209966Triangular tradeA three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa5
434209967Molasses ActA British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.6
434209968"Established" religionstax-supported churches, in 1775 the two conspicuous ones were the Anglican and the Congregational7
434209969AnglicansPeople that practice the faith, doctrine, system, and practice of the Anglican Church.8
434209970Church of Englandthe national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)9
434209971Presbyterian Churchthe Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin10
434209972"Great Awakening"Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.11
434209973Jonathan EdwardsThe most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.12
434209974George Whitefieldsucceeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening13
434209975Baptistsany of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers14
434209976Harvard Collegethe first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. The school was named for John Harvard, a Charleston minister, who had left it his library and half his estate15
434209977John TrumbullJohn Trumbull was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence. Significance- His declaration of independence picture appears on the reverse of the $2 dollar bill.16
434209978Charles Willson Pealepainter from Maryland who painted about 60 portraits of Washington, who patiently sat for about 14 of them17
434209979Benjamin WestEnglish painter (born in America) who became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820)18
434209980John Singleton CopleyAmerican painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)19
434209981Phillis WheatleyFirst African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.20
434209982Benjamin Franklinprinter whose success as an author led him to take up politics21
434209983Poor Richard's Almanackby Benjamin Franklin (1732-1758) it contained many sayings called from the thinkers of the ages, emphazised such homespun virtues as thrift, industry, morality and common sense. Was well known in Europe and was more widely read in America than anything except the Bible.22
434209984John Peter ZengerJournalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.23

Articles of Confederation and Constitution Test Flashcards

This was created to study for a test on the Articles of Confederation and the Bill of Rights.

Terms : Hide Images
629740746How did the Magna Carta influence American leaders when they were considering the structure of their government?It showed that it was important to limit the powers of government.
629740747What was the significance of the changes that the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 made to slavery?It established a standard for slavery in future territories of the United States.
632517262Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, a territory could apply to be a state when it had...60,000 settlers and a drafted constitution.
633749969Which of these was a reason why Congress decided to pass the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?Congress had to decide what to do with the western lands under its control.
633749970The banning of slavery in some state constitutions was significant because it marked the beginnings of...The abolition movement.
633749971What was the significance of the Articles of Confederation?They established the first national government of the United States.
633749972Following Shays's Rebellion, most Americans called for establishing...A stronger central government.
633749973How did the Articles of Confederation contribute to the economic problems of the United States in the late 1700s?The Articles gave Congress little power to pass, or enforce nationwide laws and tariffs, which ultimately led to increased US debt.
633749974Why were the Articles of Confederation ineffective in solving internal problems that existed in the United States?The Articles created a weak central government that had little control over the actions of individual state governments.
633749975In 1784 Spain closed which important trade route to the US that was used to send goods to eastern markets?The lower Mississippi River.
633749976What change to the structure of government did the Virginia Plan suggest?Giving both large and small states equal power in the government process.
633749977How did the Great Compromise resolve the debate between over state representation in the federal government?It created a bicameral legislature, where in house state population determined the number of representatives and in the other the number of representatives were equal.
633749978In what way did northerners and southerners disagree about the issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention?Southerner wanted slaves to be counted as part of their state populations.
633749979How did the delegates resolve the debate over how slaves should factor into representation in government?They reached a compromise that allowed each individual slave to be counted as 3/5 of a person.
633749980What is federalism?A system of government in which powers are shared between the national and state governments.
633749981In what ways did the Constitution attempt to implement the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence?The Constitution protected popular sovereignty, the idea that political power belongs to the people.
633749982Under the Constitution, only the national government of the US has the power to...Establish foreign policy.
633749983Both the federal and state governments share the power to...Establish courts.
633749984Which of the following is a power reserved only to the states?To establish and maintain schools.
633749985What problem did Anti-Federalists have with the Constitution?They felt that the central government had been given too much power.
633749986How did the Bill of Rights, added to the Constitution in 1791, use the ideas introduced in the Declaration of Independence?It ensured the protection of individual rights, so that the abuses listed in the Declaration of Independence would be illegal.
633749987What was the Bill of Rights?A document added to the Constitution to protect the rights of individual citizens.
633749988What is one the reason the US Constitution has survived for more than 200 years?The flexibility of the Constitution to meet the needs of a changing nation.
633749989What is the doctrine of separation of powers?It divides the powers of government so that no one branch can pose a threat to popular rights.
633749990What proportion of both houses of Congress must vote in favor of a bill in order to override a president's veto?2/3
633749991What is the function of Congress in the federal government?Congress is the legislative branch, which makes the nation's laws.
633749992Which of the following statements about the Senate is true?The Senate has two members, or senators, per state.
633749993How can the president check the power of the legislative branch?By vetoing a law.
633749994Before starting his/her new job, the president-elect must...Take the Oath of Office.
633749995What is the job of the executive branch in relation to the nation's laws?To enforce them.
634961499What role does the Constitution assign to the Judicial Branch?To interpret the law.
634961500On what grounds can a federal court strike down a state or federal law?The law is unconstitutional.
634961501The First Amendment does not protect...The right to bear arms.
634961502The Bill of Rights plays a role in all of the following examples, except which?A synagogue was defaced with a swastika.
634961503What was the main reason the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution?To define the rights and freedoms of citizens clearly.
634961504Why were the Second, Third and Fourth Amendments significant during the late 1700s?British soldiers forced citizens to submit to their authority during colonial disputes before the Revolution.
634961505The Fifth Amendment protects anyone found not guilty in a criminal trial from being tried again for the same crime. What is the name for this protection?Double Jeopardy.
634961506The Constitution does not list all of the rights that citizens have. According to the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, who gets to decide on other basic rights?The Judicial Branch and Congress.
634961507The Bill of Rights gives the states and the people powers that the Constitution does not specifically give to Congress. What are these powers called?Delegated powers.
634961508In the United States, which of the following is not considered a duty of citizenship?Buying health insurance.
634961509How do citizens accept responsibility for protecting others' Sixth Amendment rights?They serve on juries.
634961510Which of these duties of a citizen is encouraged, but not required?Voting in elections.
634961511Being able to become a new country was a direct affect of...The Revolutionary War.
634961512A permanent union of countries with some, or most political power vested in a central authority is a...Confederation.
634961513Served as the Constitution of the United States from 1781 to 1789...Articles of Confederation.
634961514Why were the Articles of set up to have a weak central government?The writers did not want the federal government to have too much power.
634961515A state, or country in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly, or indirectly by them.Republic.
634961516What is the difference between a republic and a democracy?Democracy means "Rule by the people" and Republic means "Rule by elected officials".
634961517Must recognize US as new nation Set US boundaries Mississippi River Canada Florida Got captured slaves from Britain Both countries pay debts to each other. Both countries have access to Mississippi River Let Loyalists keep their land and property All of these of outcomes of the...Treaty of Paris of 1783
634961518What are the three branches of government set up under the new constitution?Executive, Legislative and Judicial.
634961519Ratification means...An official approval.
634961520Congress shall make no law respecting and establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances.Amendment 1
634961521No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.Amendment 3.
634961522The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States respectively, or to the people.Amendment 10
634961523A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.Amendment 2
655598940Why didn't the US form countries instead of states?Because if the states were countries, they would be more independent instead of states that depend on each other, which creates stronger unification.
655598941Why did we replace the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution?1. The states had too much power. 2. There were economic problems. 3. Shays's Rebellion occurred. 4. The Articles of Confederation were too weak. 5. The laws were unpopular. 6.The Articles of Confederation were unsuccessful.
655598942was the Constitution a revision of the Articles of Confederation?No, because it is a new document.
655598943What was the Bill of Rights?A series of amendments to the Constitution made to protect the rights of Americans.
655598944What are five things the Bill of Rights guarantees you the rights to do.Free Speech Owning a Weapon Free Publication Petitioning the Government Not Having to House Soldiers
655598945What is a characteristic of Federalism?The division of power between state and national governments.
655598946What situation allows for the regulation of free speech?The speech poses a threat to safety.
655598947What is number of states out of thirteen required to ratify the Constitution?At least two-thirds of the states have to approve the Constitution, so nine ratifications are needed.
655598948How many of the Constitution signers were slave owners?Twenty
655598949Did Washington own slaves?Yes, Washington owned slaves.
655619793Who can propose an amendment to the Constitution?Congress, or a convention of states.
655619794Where was the nation's capital while George Washington was president?Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York.
655619795What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the Executive Branch?Two terms in office, a Farewell Address and a Cabinet.
655619796How was Washington picked as president.He was chosen by electors.
655619797What did Martha Washington do?She entertained guests and went to social events.
655619798What advisory system did Washington set up?The Cabinet
655619799How were the courts set up?Three levels of Federal courts were created with different duties.
655643663How was the problem of different affairs in court solved?Specialized courts were created.
655643664Where was the first capital located and why was it located there?The first capital was in New York because it was the center of economic activity.
655643665What did citizens want from the new government?Economic assistance and no interference with daily life.
655643666Alexander Hamilton was a New Yorker and Thomas Jefferson was a Virginian. How did this affect their economic views?Hamilton supported industry and Jefferson supported agriculture.
655643667What was a major economic problem in the early United States?National Debt
655643668What agreement did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison make regarding the economy?Madison and Jefferson would support Hamilton's debt plan if he moved the capital South.
655643669What were Hamilton and Jefferson's views on he government?Hamilton wanted a strong central government and Jefferson wanted a weak central government.
655643670Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of a national bank?He thought it gave the government too much power.
655643671What is the difference between Loose Construction and Strict Construction?Loose Construction is when the government does anything not forbidden by the Constitution and Strict Construction is when the government only does what it is allowed to do by the Constitution.
655643672Why did Hamilton want a national bank?He thought that a national bank would allow the government's money to be secure and the economy could be stabilized.
655643673Why didn't Jefferson want a national bank?He thought that a national bank was unconstitutional and it gave the government too much power.
655643674How many words was President Washington's Inaugural Speech?Forty-seven Words
655643675Who is the current Secretary of State?John Kerry
655643676What was Washington's first job as a boy?Washington's first job was to be a geographic surveyor.
655643677What war did Washington and the first troops he commended start?The French and Indian War
655643678Who was the first person to sign the Constitution of the United States?George Washington (President of the Constitutional Convention)
655643679What was the fourteenth state?Vermont (Vermont means Green Mountains in French)
655643680What contributed to the meeting of the Constitutional Convention?Weakened Government Economic Instability Shays's Rebellion

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!