| 464938335 | Christian Humanism | -focus on sources of early Christianity, the Holy Scripture, and writings of the church fathers like Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome
-reform program --> edu. in classics and antiquity | |
| 464938336 | The Praise of Folly | - work by Erasmus that criticized the church through humor | |
| 464938337 | Thomas More's Utopia | - book by Thomas More that detailed an ideal society characterized by communal ownership of property and providing to each man based on his needs | |
| 464938338 | Pluralism & Absenteeism | - Members of clergy holding more than one office, causing absenteeism in any given office | |
| 464938339 | Simony | - Sale of church offices | |
| 464938340 | Nepotism | - Favorism of family members in regards to placing people in power | |
| 464938341 | Johann Tetzel | - 1465 - 1519
- authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences to pay for St. Peter's Basilica | |
| 464938342 | Indulgences | - documents sold by the Catholic church to reduce time in peregatory | |
| 464938343 | Martin Luther | - 1483 - 1546
- started Protestant Reformation
- Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian at University of Wittenburg in Germany
- 95 Theses in 1517
- Prince was Frederick the Wise | |
| 464938344 | 95 Theses | - All Saints Day, 1517
- Expressed Luther's issues with the church
- Questioned the Pope
- Refuted indulgences
- Advocated for individual paths to God | |
| 464938345 | Charles V | - reigned 1519 - 1556
- son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad
- opposed Reformation
- Three Main Challenges: The French, the Papacy, and the Ottoman Turks | |
| 464938346 | Sack of Rome (1527) | - Troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome, directly challenging the power of the Catholic Church and helping to advance Protestantism in Europe.
- The siege also marked the virtual end of the Italian Renaissance and, in the eyes of some historians, the end of the High Renaissance. | |
| 464938347 | Leipzig Debate | - July, 1519
- Catholic Theologian Johann Eck got Luther to deny the authority of the Popes and councils | |
| 464938348 | Transubstantiation | - the teaching that during the Mass, at the consecration in the Lord's Supper (Communion), the elements of the Eucharist, bread and wine, are transformed into the actual body and blood of Jesus and that they are no longer bread and wine, but only retain their appearance of bread and wine. | |
| 464938349 | Katherine von Bora | - wife of Martin Luther
- run away nun
- pioneer in the role of "pastor's wife"
- helped create the image of "model family" | |
| 464938350 | Edict of Worms | - from the Diet of Worms in Worm's, Germany
- an edict issued by Charles V in 1521 that outlawed Martin Luther and his teachings | |
| 464938351 | The Peasant's War (1524) | - German peasants revolted against the landowners
- Peasants thought Luther would support them, but he only encouraged the German princes to fight the peasants harshly
- Luther believed that peasants should obey their rulers
- strengthened the authority of German nobility
- Lutheranism became closely allied with the established political order controlled by the German nobility | |
| 464938352 | Suleiman the Magnificent | - ruled 1520 - 1566
- longest reinging Ottoman emperor
- conquered the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary | |
| 464938353 | Habsburgs-Valois Wars (1521 - 44) | Causes:
- Charles V had rivalry with the Valois king of France, Francis I
- Disputed territories
- Holy Roman Empire broken into many small pieces
Results:
- Prevented Charles from concentrating on Lutheranism in Germany.
- Charles V made peace with Francis I (1544) and the Turks (1545)
- Schmalkaldic League -- all Lutheran alliance against Charles V (and Catholicism) | |
| 464938354 | Peace of Augsburg | - 1555
-Agreement that made the division of the Christian church in the Holy Roman Empire permanent and officially ended the Schmalkaldic Wars
- Allowed the prince of a given region to determine the religion | |
| 464938355 | Schmalkaldic Wars (1546 - 1547) | - one year period of violence between Charles V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League
- Imperial forces win, but Lutheran ideas have spread | |
| 464938356 | Schmalkaldic League | - alliance of 8 princes and 11 imperial cities that formed a Lutheran defense to protect one another should one be attacked | |
| 464938357 | Ulrich Zwingli | - 1484 - 1531
- Switzerland
- Swiss reformer who was Luther's opponent at the Marburg colloquy in 1529
- died in the Swiss Civil War in 1531
- argued God's presence in communion is only symbolic | |
| 464938358 | Anabaptists | - religious group that did not want the state involved in religious affairs
- voluntarily assoc. christians
- appealed to peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans (people affected by economic changes)
- believed in adult baptism
- strict democracy w/ equality of believers | |
| 464938359 | Menno Simons | - 1496 - 1561
- popular leader who wanted peace and separation from the world to honor Jesus
- mennonites | |
| 464938360 | Pope Clement VII | - Pope 1523 - 1534
- Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici
- refused to annul Henry VII's marriage w/ Catherine of Aragon
- Sack of Rome in 1527 | |
| 464938361 | King Henry VIII of England | -reigned 1509 - 1547
- the "defender of faith"
- started anglican church / Church of England
- 6 wives
- father of Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward VI | |
| 464938362 | King Henry's Wives | Catherine of Aragon - divorced ---Mary
Anne Boleyn - beheaded --- Elizabeth
Jane Seymour - died --- Edward
Anne of Cleves - divorced
Catherine Howard - beheaded
Catherine Parr - survived | |
| 464938363 | Edward VI | - son of Henry VIII
- Church of England in more Protestant direction
- clergy could marry
- elimination of images
- Book of Common Prayer | |
| 464938364 | Mary | - "Bloody Mary"
- tried to restore Catholicism to England
- burning of 3000+ Protestant heretics
- overall, Protestantism grew in strength | |
| 464938365 | Act of Supremacy (1534) | - Act of the English Parliament that declared the English king to be the "Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England" | |
| 464938366 | Thomas Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer" | - published in 1549 (Church of England 1957), in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome
- the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English | |
| 464938367 | John Calvin | - 1509 - 1564
- wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
- predestination
- church government - elected ministers by congregation ---> theocracy
- created a model society in Geneva, Switzerland | |
| 464938368 | Predestination | - belief argued by Calvin that said God knows before birth whether a person is saved or damned and that there is nothing anyone can do to win salvation | |
| 464938369 | John Knox | - 1514 - 1572
- brought the Reformation to Scotland | |
| 464938370 | Puritans | - English Calvinists | |
| 464938371 | Huguenots | - French Calvinists | |
| 464938372 | Presbyterians | - Scottish Calvinists | |
| 464938373 | Melanchthon | - 1497 - 1560
- intellectual leader of Lutheran reform
- leader in Protestant education | |
| 464938374 | Protestant Education | - wider audience - needed people who could read the bible
- state funded
- the "gymnasium" - secondary school w/ humanistic emphasis on liberal arts based on instruction in Greek or Latin combined with religious instruction
- The Genevan Academy founded by John Calbvin in 1559 | |
