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SAT Classes 276 -300 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
845171293primevalrelating to the beginning of the first world ages
845171294mammothvery large; of clumsy or unwieldly size
845171295marqueea sign over the entrance to a public building
845171296intimatev. to make known subtly; to hint n. intimation
845171297revertto return to former condition
845171298ulteriorlying beyond what is evident, revealed, or claimed
845171299sedentarysitting down most of the time
845171300quellto ease; to calm down
845171301forensicrelated to the law or debate
845171302cliqueelusive group of people
845171303clandestinedone in secret, esp to conceal something improper
845171304surmountto overcome (e.g. an obstacle)'; to climb to the top of
845171305pilferto steal a small amount
845171306swelteringoppressively hot and humid
845171307subterfugea sneaky or devious method for avoiding difficulty or unpleasantness
845171308respitetemporary relief
845171309endorseto give approval or support to
845171310nichea place or situation suited for a person or thing; a recess in a wall
845171311ellipsisin a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three period
845171312aptappropriate; having a natural tendency
845171313ersatzartificial; not genuine; fake
845171314serenecalm and peaceful
845171315instigateto stir up or arouse; to foment
845171316predominantsurpassing all others; most common
845171317valedictorya farewell speech
845171318scourgea cause of widespread suffering
845171319aboundto be plentiful
845171320coybashful; shy; quiet; pretending to be shy
845171321resignto accept a bad situation
845171322featan act or accomplishment showing skill
845171323primatea bishop of highest rank in a country or province
845171324reveriedaydream
845171325umbrageoffense; resentment
845171326auditoryrelating to the sense of hearing
845171327propsenitya natural inclination; a tendency
845171328rejoinderan answer, esp to another's answer
845171329defameto attack a person's reputation
845171330renegadesomeone who rejects one group, cause, or allegiance for another
845171331humdrumdull; routine; commonplace
845171332solicitto ask for; to seek
845171333sojourna brief visit
845171334truculentinclined to fight; expressing violence or hostility
845171335perspicacioushaving keen perception or understanding
845171336moribundapproaching death; nearly obsolete
845171337heresydeviation from church doctrine or from an established belief
845171338crediblecapable of being believed
845171339poiseself-assurance; composure; equilibrium
845171340bellicosewarlike
845171341oscillateto move back and forth regularly
845171342recreantadj. showing faithless disloyalty; n a disloyal coward

NAQT composers Flashcards

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718354905What Austrian composer of the oratorio The Seasons is best known for his 106 symphonies, including 17851s the Hen, the Farewell, and the Surprise?Haydn
718354906This composer's works include four Brilliant Grand Waltzes and the posthumously published FantaisieImpromptu [fan-tay-zee am-prom-too]. This inventor of the ballade [bah-LAHD] form wrote 27 piano etudes [AY-toodz], including the Revolutionary Etude. For 10 points-name this Polish-born composer known for mazurkas and the "Minute Waltz."Chopin
718354907]ephtha [JEF-thuh] was the last oratorio by this composer whose orchestral works include Opus 6 - a set of 12 concerti grossi [kohn-CHAIR-tee GROH-see] - and three other suites that premiered on the royal barge and are known as Water Music. For 10 points -name this German whose "Hallelujah" chorus appears in his Messiah.Handel
718354908What composer, whose three symphonies include The Age of Anxiety and Kaddish [KAH-dish], wrote the music for On the Tawn, Candide [kahn-DEED], and West Side Story?Bernstein
718354909The Second Symphony by this composer of the Manfred Symphony is nicknamed "Little Russian." He composed an opera based on an Aleksandr Pushkin poem, Eugene Onegin [ohn-YAY-gin], and a ballet featuring the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy." For 10 points-name this Russian composer of The Nutcracker.Tchaikovsky
718354910Elijah is an oratorio by which German composer who wrote the Hebrides [HEH-brih-deezl Overture, and, at age 17, an overture for A Midsummer Night's Dream?Mendelssohn
718354911L' Orfeo was written by this Northern Italian composer of Vespers of the Blessed Virgin often considered the transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque eras of music.Monteverdi
718354912What composer of an 1896 Egyptian Piano Concerto, his fifth, also wrote an Organ Symphony, the Danse Macabre [dahns mah-kahb], and The Carnival of the Animals?Saint-Saens
718354913What composer of Fanfare for the Common Man and Lincoln Portrait is best known for a ballet he wrote for Martha Graham, Appalachian Spring?Copland
718354914This composer wrote his Italian Concerto for harpsichord, an instrument he played at the premiere of his Brandenburg Concerto No.5. Name this German Baroque composer of The Well-Tempered Clavier.Bach
718354915What composer created a work with movements subtitled "the Mystic," "the Bringer of Jollity," and "the Bringer of War," the astrology-inspired The Planets?Holst
718354916What composer of Pohjola 1 s [poh-YOH-lah 1 s] Daughter represented a legendary bird with an English horn in The Swan of Tuonela [too-oh-NEH-Iah] and wrote Valse triste [vahlz trist] and Finlandia?Sibelius
718354917What British composer of The Dream of Gerontius Uuh-RON-tee-us] wrote a 1919 Cello Concerto in E minor, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, and the Enigma Variations?Elgar
718354918The operas Mazeppa and The Queen of Spades are by which Russian composer of the ballet Swan Lake and the tale of Clara and her toy, The Nutcracker?Tchaikovsky
718354919Wellington's Victory is the Battle Symphony by which composer of the Emperor Concerto whose Ninth Symphony ends with a setting of the "Ode to Joy"?Beethoven
718354920What Viennese composer of the song cycle Winterreise [VEEN-tur-RYE-zuh] also wrote "Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel," the Trout Quintet, and an Unfinished Symphony?Schubert
718354921Which German composer of the oratorio Elijah had a sister Fanny who was also a composer, and wrote a Scottish Symphony and the Hebrides [HEB-rih-deez] Overture?Mendelssohn
718354922Which Hungarian piano virtuoso composed the Hungarian Rhapsodies and the "Mephisto Waltz"?Liszt
718354923The Hungarian Dances are violin pieces by this German composer also known for a Double Concerto in A minor for violin and cello.Brahms
718354924The Archduke Trio is a chamber work by this composer whose only oratorio was Christ on the Mount of Olives. He wrote five piano concertos and 32 piano sonatas, including the (*) Moonlight Sonata. For 10 points-name this German who set the poem "Ode to Joy" in his choral Ninth Symphony.Beethoven
718354925The two most frequently performed operas in the U.S., Madame Butterfly and La Boheme [lah boh-em], were composed by the same man. Name that Italian composer.Puccini
718354926Peter and the Wolf's by this composer who also did the score for Sergei Eisenstein's film Alexander Nevsky.Prokofiev
718354927This man's symphonies include a Ninth known as the "Great," and an "Unfinished" Eighth. Name this Viennese composer.Schubert
718354928A choms from this composer's Nabucco [nah-BOO-koh] was sung at his funeral, though he is better known for operas about a Mantuan court jester and the love of Radames [rah-dah-MAYSS] for an (*) Ethiopian princess. For 10 points - name this composer of Rigoletto [ree-goh-LA YT -toh] and Aida ["eye" -EE-dah].Verdi
718354929One composer's final symphony is known as the London Symphony. Name that "Father of the Symphony" who also wrote the Surprise Symphony.Haydn
718354930This composer's works include one in 14 movements, each dedicated to a friend, and the march used in "Land of Hope and Glory." IINimrod" appears in the (*) Enigma Variations by-for 10 points-which British composer of the Pomp and Circumstance Marches often heard at graduations?Elgar
718354931This composer reworked the final movement of his Mass in B minor to mirror the closing of its own "Gloria" section; that "Gloria" was itself a reworking of one of his over 200 cantatas. For 10 points-name this Baroque composer of the Toccata and Fugue in D minor and Goldberg Variations.Bach
718354932Symphony of Psalms is from this composer's Neoclassical period. He wrote a work about a living puppet for Sergei Diaghilev [dee-AH-gih-Ieff], while a girl dances herself to death in another ballet whose premier saw a riot. For 10 points-name this Russian composer of Petrushka [peh-TROOSH-kah] and The Rite of Spring.Stravinsky
718354933This Russian composer of The Nutcracker also wrote Swan Lake.Tchaikovsky
718354934Artur Rubinstein specialized in the music of this compatriot composer, who included a "Funeral March" in his Piano Sonata No.2. His other works include a "Fantasie Impromptu" and 27 etudes [AY-toodz]. For 10 points - name this pianist who wrote more than 50 mazurkas based on dances of his native Poland.Chopin
718354935Messiah is a work by this German-born composer of Music for the Royal Fireworks.Handel
718354936Works by this composer born in 1900 include a ballet for Martha Graham, Appalachian Spring, and the bombastic "Fanfare for the Common Man."Copland
718354937This longtime conductor of the New York Philharmonic wrote three symphonies and the ballet Fancy Free, though he's better known for a musical about Tony and Maria.Bernstein
718354938According to the Grove Dictionary, this composer of "Oh! Susanna" was the first American to make a living solely as a composer of music.Foster
718354939One composer's "Great Crush Collision March" was inspired by a train wreck. Name that "King of Ragtime" who wrote "The Entertainer."Joplin
718354940Glenn Gould popularized a set of 30 variations by this German composer who also wrote a set of six instrumental works for a Prussian margrave. The Goldberg Variations are by-for 10 points-what Baroque composer of The Well-Tempered Clavier [kluh-VEER] and the Brandenburg Concertos?Bach
718354941The Ring cycle was written by this German composer of Tristan and Isolde [ee-ZOHL-duh].Wagner
718354942This composer wrote a work named for the Liberty Bell as well as the opera El Capitan. From 1880 to 1892 he conducted the u.S. Marine Band; his namesake (*) instrument is a modified tuba. For 10 points-name this American "March King" who wrote "Stars and Stripes Forever."Sousa
718354943Rigoletto is an opera by this composer of Falstaff and Nabucco [nah-BOO-koh].Verdi
718354944One composer is known for an overture to Egmont and the Moonlight Sonata. Name that German whose Fifth Symphony is known for its opening four-note motif.Beethoven
718354945Which 20th-century American composer wrote Rhapsody in Blue as well as An American in Paris?Gershwin
718354946This Italian imitated a thunderstorm in the final movement of the second concerto in his Four Seasons.Vivaldi
718354947This German included a "Scene by the Brook" in the second movement of his Pastoral Symphony.Beethoven
718354948This Italian represented the Triton Fountain in the morning in the second movement of his Fountains of Rome.Respighi
718354949A clarinet and an oboe represent a cat and a duck, respectively, in this Russian composer's Peter and The Wolf.Prokofiev
718354950This composer of a ballet featuring a repetitive snare drum rhythm wrote his Mother Goose Suite for Mimi and Jean Godebski, the children of his friends.Ravel
718354951This man worked his feelings about the suppression of the November Uprising into his Revolutionary Etude [ay-tood] and never returned to his home country afterward. His works include 4 impromptus, 58 mazurkas, and 17 polonaises [poh-Iuh-NEZ-iz]. For 10 points-name this Romantic composer from Poland.Chopin
718354952This Italian composer of Aida [ah-EE-dah] wrote the aria "La donna e mobile" [lah DOHN-nah ay MOH-bee-Iay] for the opera Rigoletto [REE-goh-LAYT-toh], whose title jester is also a hunchback.Verdi
718354953This English composer, who worked with the librettist W. S. Gilbert on The Pirates of Penzance, included a jester in his opera Yeoman of the Guard.Sullivan
718354954This composer's most frequently performed work is his one-act Pagliacci [P AH-Iee-AH-chee], in which a clown reacts murderously to the unfaithfulness of his wife.Leoncavallo
718354955This composer used arias written by Picander in his longest work, the St. Matthew Passion. He also wrote six suites for solo cello, and preludes and fugues in every major and minor key in his Well-Tempered Clavier. For 10 points - name this Baroque composer of the Brandenburg Concertos.Bach
718354956This composer of The King and I and South Pacific wrote the score for The Sound of Music.Rodgers
718354957Though he lived most of his life in Vienna, this composer born in Hamburg is known for his Academic Festival Overture and A German Requiem [REK-wee-um].Brahms
718354958"Little Russian" is the nickname of the Second Symphony of this composer, who also wrote an overture that calls for cannon fire.Tchaikovsky
718354959This composer's Opus 29 was inspired by an Arnold Bocklin painting depicting a rowboat on the River Styx, The Isle of the Dead. Another of his works has 24 variations on a violin caprice [kuh-PREES]. For 10 points-name this 20th-century Russian composer of Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.Rachmaninoff
718354960This composer wrote an opera that ends with the title character asking for mercy for Magnifico and his daughters, La Cenerentola [lah CHEH-nay-REN-toh-Iah]. In another work, the title character sings he is "like a thunderbolt" in the aria "Largo al factotum" [LAR-ghoh al fahk-TOH-toom], while in a third, the title character must shoot an apple off his son's head. For 10 points-name this Italian composer of The Barber of Seville and William Tell.Rossini
718354961William Cummings' hymn tune, used for "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing," is adapted from an 1840 cantata by this composer. Name this German composer of the Scottish and Italian symphonies.Mendelssohn
718354962Mendelssohn also helped revive the work of this composer whose Eighth Symphony is simply called Unfinished.Schubert
718354963This composer used an A-E-F motif in his Double Concerto for violin and cello. He also wrote a Tragic Overture and a set of orchestral dances based on folk melodies; after the death of his mother, he wrote a work whose libretto is drawn from the Luther Bible. Hans von Bulow called this man's First Symphony "Beethoven's Tenth." For 10 points-name this German composer of the Hungarian Dances and A German Requiem.Brahms
718354964Turandot was left unfinished by this composer of La Boheme [boh-EM] and Tosca.Puccini
718354965This composer wrote The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, a concerto for organ in F major, and the keyboard work The Harmonious Blacksmith. He also wrote an oratorio with the soprano aria "I know that my Redeemer liveth," and a set of three (*) suites for a performance on the Thames. For 10 points-name this German-born Baroque composer of Water Music who wrote the "Hallelujah" Chorus in Messiah.Handel
718354966This composer wrote the operas Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods as part of his Ring cycle.Wagner
718354967This man's cycling trip to Algeria influenced his Beni Mora. He wrote The Mystic Trumpeter, a setting of a Walt Whitman poem, while he worked at St. Paul's Girls' School. The Rig Veda and Sanskrit influenced several of his works, including the chamber opera (*) Savitri. He is best known, though, for a seven-movement suite inspired by astrology. For 10 points-name this British composer of The Planets.Holst
718354968A serenade from this composer's Don Procopio [proh-KOH-pee-oh] was recycled for Henry Smith in his The Fair Maid of Perth. Another of his works features a love triangle between Nadir, Zurga, and Leila. This composer of The Pearl Fishers also wrote an opera in which the deaths of the title character and her lover, Don Jose, are predicted by a pair of gypsies. For 10 points-name this French composer of Carmen.Bizet
718354969This composer's works include "Short Story," a duet for piano and violin, and the one-act opera Blue Monday. After a trip to Havana, he wrote Rumba, which is now known as his Cuban Overture. He also wrote an opera in which Clara sings "Summertime" on Catfish Row. For 10 points-name this American composer of Porgy and Bess, An American in Paris, and Rhapsody in Blue.Gershwin
718354970This French composer wrote "Golliwog's Cakewalk" as well as Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun".Debussy
718354971Lorenz Hart wrote the lyrics to "Blue Moon" and "My Funny Valentine," but Hartis poor health led this composer to find a new partner, starting with Oklahoma!Rodgers
718354972His Symphony No. 38 has the nickname "Prague." Name this Viennese composer who died in 1791.Mozart
718354973The Phantom of the Opera is a musical by this British composer, whose other works include Evita and Jesus Christ Superstar.Webber
718354974This composer's Hebrides [HEB-ruh-deezl Overture is commonly called "Fingal's Cave."Mendelssohn
718354975Glenn Gould popularized a set of 30 variations by this German composer who also wrote a set of six instrumental works for a Prussian margrave. The Goldberg Variations are by what baroque composer of The Well-Tempered Clavier [kluh-FEER] and the Brandenburg Concertos?Bach
718354976Who composed Number 9, Choral, including "Ode to Joy"?Beethoven
718354977Who composed Number 2, Little Russian?Tchaikovsky
718354978Who composed Number 8, Symphony of a Thousand?Mahler
718354979Who composed Number 94, Surprise?Haydn
718354980Who composed Symphony Fantastique [fahn-tahs-teek]?Berlioz
718354981Who composed Number 41, Jupiter?Mozart
718354982Who composed Number 8, Unfinished, started in 1822?Schubert
718354983Who composed Number 3, Kaddish [KAH-dish]?Bernstein
718354984Who composed Number 3, Scottish?Mendelssohn
718354985What composer of an 1868 Piano Concerto in A minor, his only one, included "Morning Mood" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in his Peer Gynt?Grieg
718354986This composer's piano sonatas include Les Adieux [lay zah-DYOO] and Hammerklavier, written after his Heiligenstadt [HYE-lih-ghin-shtaht] Testament. His vocal works include the opera Fidelio [fee-DAY-lee-oh] and the finale of his Ninth Symphony. For 10 points—name this deaf German composer of the "Ode to Joy."Beethoven
718354987This British composer of The Planets also wrote a number of works inspired by Hinduism, such as Hymns from the Rig Veda [VAY-dah].Holst
718354988What American composer's works include a Piano Concerto in F, "Catfish Row," a Cuban Overture, "I Got Rhythm," An American in Paris, and Porgy and Bess?Gershwin
718354989Which composer of Gianni Schicci [JAH-nee SKEE-kee] wrote the aria "Nessun dorma" [NEH-soon DOR-mah] for Prince Calàf in Turandot [TOO-rin-DOT] and also wrote about the poor Rodolfo and Mimi in La Bohème [lah boh-em]?Puccini
718354990What composer of "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" is on the Washington, D.C. quarter and was a big band leader nicknamed "Duke"?Ellington
718354991One composer wrote two quintets, one for strings only, and one for piano and string quartet. Name that Viennese composer of hundreds of art songs, or Lieder ["leader"], and his Unfinished Symphony.Schubert
718354992What French composer's piano works include the Children's Corner Suite and the Suite Bergamasque [BAIR-gahmahsk], whose third movement is "Clair de lune" [klayr duh loon]?Debussy
718354993This American composer of marches wrote such works as "The Washington Post March" and "The Stars and Stripes Forever."Sousa
718354994He wrote the operas Idomeneo [ee-doh-may-NAY-oh] and The Abduction from the Seraglio [suh-RAH-lee-oh]. Name this Austrian composer of The Magic Flute.Mozart
718354995One composer with this last name wrote the Radetzky [ruh-DET-skee] March. Give this last name shared by composers Richard [REEK-hart], Johann the Elder, and Johann the Younger.Strauss
718354996Name this English composer who collaborated with W. S. Gilbert on comic operettas such as HMS Pinafore.Sullivan
718354997This man wrote "The Battle on the Ice" for his film score for Alexander Nevsky [NEV-skee]. The first of his seven symphonies is nicknamed "The Classical," while in his best-known work a narrator tells a story in which a duck is eaten. For 10 points—name this Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf.Prokofiev
718354998What composer's operas include Rienzi [ree-EN-zee], Parsifal [PAR-zih-fahl], and a work in which Brünnhilde [broon-HIL-duh] lights a funeral pyre that destroys Valhalla, Twilight of the Gods?Wagner
718354999What composer of the oratorio The Dream of Gerontius depicted his friends in music in the Enigma Variations and also wrote Pomp and Circumstance?Elgar
718355000This composer's Mountain Symphony is the first of his 13 symphonic poems, a term he is credited with inventing. He transcribed Beethoven's symphonies for piano, and his own piano works include the "Mephisto Waltz." For 10 points—name this composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies.Liszt
718355001Arrigo Boïto [AH-ree-goh BOH-ee-toh] wrote the libretti for this composer's last two operas, one about a "fat Knight" and another that includes the "Willow Song" sung by Desdemona. Falstaff and Otello [oh-TAYL-loh] are operas by—for 10 points—what Italian composer whose other operas include Rigoletto [ree-goh-LAYT-toh] and Aida [eye-EE-dah]?Verdi
718355002What composer, whose Clock Symphony is one of a collection of 12 London Symphonies, wrote over 100 of them, including the Surprise Symphony?Haydn
718355003This composer wrote symphonies known by the nicknames "Linz" and "Prague." Name this Austrian composer whose final symphony, in C major, ends with a five-theme fugue.Mozart
718355004This Italian composer of Tosca also wrote The Girl of the Golden West and Madame Butterfly.Puccini
718355005What composer used a theme from his ballet The Creatures of Prometheus [pruh-MEE-thee-uhs] in his Third Symphony, a work once dedicated to Napoleon and nicknamed Eroica [uh-ROH-ih-kuh]?Beethoven
718355006In 1832 this man conducted his own Symphony in C major, the year before his first opera, The Fairies, premiered. He collaborated on Rienzi [ree-EN-zee] with Giacomo Meyerbeer, whom he later attacked in his writings. In his later operas he developed the concept of associating ideas or characters with particular musical phrases called leitmotivs [LYTE-moh-teefs]. For 10 points—name this German composer of Tristan and Isolde [ee-ZOHL-deh] and The Flying Dutchman.Wagner
718355007This originator of the operatic recitative [reh-SIT-uh-tiv] was a music director at Venice's St. Mark's Basilica. His last two works were the operas The Return of Ulysses and The Coronation of Poppea. For 10 points—name this Italian composer of the oldest opera still performed, Orfeo [or-FAY-oh].Monteverdi
718355008With Bach and Beethoven, this man forms the "three B's" of classical music. Name this German composer of four symphonies and the Academic Festival Overture.Brahms
718355009Despite having very different musical styles, Brahms was a lifelong friend of this composer of the Blue Danube waltz.Strauss
718355010He premiered his first symphony, Jeremiah, and ballet, Fancy Free, in the decade after taking lessons with Boulanger.Bernstein
718373065This composer's studies in Paris influenced him to write distinctly "American" music, such as Billy the Kid and Lincoln Portrait.Copland
718373066This composer is best known for two operas, The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts, the latter of which was a collaboration with Gertrude Stein.Thomson
718373067After this composer received an honorary doctorate from the University of Breslau, he wrote his Academic Festival Overture. His first symphony has been called "Beethoven's Tenth" to recognize its inspiration. For 10 points-name this composer of A German Requiem and a namesake lullaby.Brahms
718373068A poem by Stephane MalIarme [stay-fahn mahl-Iar-may] inspired this composer's Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun".Debussy
718373069What composer of an Irish Symphony wrote the music for The Yeoman of the Guard and The Mikado [mee-KAHdoh], two collaborations with William S. Gilbert?Sullivan
718373070This composer used a German ballad as the basis of his cantata "The Black Knight". A "hidden theme" connects his Enigma Variations, while "Land of Hope and Glory" is part of a work often played at graduations. For 10 points-name this British composer of the Pomp and Circumstance marches.Elgar
718373071His opera Don Giovanni ends with its title womanizer being dragged to Hell by a statue. Name this Austrian composer who wrote Don Giovanni.Mozart
718373072What composer of El Salon Mexico [ell sah-LOHN MAY-hee-koh] wrote the "Open Prairie" theme for his Billy the Kid ballet and included the tune "Simple Gifts" in Appalachian Spring?Copland
718373073The Mastersingers of Nuremberg and The Flying Dutchman are two operas by this German composer. Name this composer who also wrote a series of four operas based on German mythology.Wagner
718373074What composer of the ultra-hard piano piece Gaspard de la nuit [nwee] included a snare drum ostinato in his 1928 ballet based on a Spanish dance, Bolero [boh-LAIR-oh]?Ravel
718373075Persian and Islamic mythology inspired an oratorio by this composer titled Paradise and the Peri [PIER-ee]. He also composed Scenes from Childhood and four symphonies, including the Rhenish [REH-nish} and Spring. For 10 points-name this German composer who married Clara Wieck [veek].Schumann
718373076What composer, who used a taxicab horn in his An American in Paris, also wrote the opera Porgy and Bess and the jazz-infused Rhapsody in Blue?Gershwin
718373077The opera Rigoletto [ree-goh-LAYT-toh] is by the same composer as La traviata [lah trah-vee-AH-tah]. Name that Italian.Verdi
718373078What composer created the "El Capitan" [kap-ih-TAN} and "Liberty Bell" Marches, conducted the U.S. Marine Corps Band, and wrote "The Stars and Stripes Forever"?Sousa
718373079What composer of a 1727 St. Matthew Passion has BWV numbers assigned to works like the Goldberg Variations and the Brandenburg Concertos?Bach
718373080The Leipzig [L YPE-zig] Conservatory was founded in 1843 by what German composer whose works include an Italian Symphony and music for A Midsummer Night's Dream?Mendelssohn
718373081The one-act opera At the Boar's Head was written by what British composer who depicted "the Mystic" and "the Bringer of War" in his The Planets?Holst
718373082What composer of songs for a film version of Don Quixote [kee-HOH-tee] is better known for his one-act opera The Spanish Hour and the gradually crescendoing [kruh-SHEN-doh-ing] Bolero [boh-LAY-roh]?Ravel
718373083What composer of the "Hammerklavier" [HAH-mur-klah-FEER] and "Waldstein" [VAHLD-styne] piano sonatas wrote the Missa Solemnis [MEE-sah soh-LEM-neess] and the choral finale of his Ninth Symphony after going deaf?Beethoven

Quizlet 3: French SEEMS LIKE + Personality Adj Flashcards

P. 56 and/or 61 of Ah bon? book

Terms : Hide Images
63249283Tu as l'air aventureuse.You seem adventurous feminine.0
63249287Tu as l'air cool.You seem cool masculine and feminine.1
63249297Tu as l'air fou.You seem crazy masculine.2
63249298Tu as l'air intelligente.You seem intelligent feminine.3
63249305Tu as l'air paresseux.You seem lazy masculine.4
63249308Tu as l'air timide.You seem shy masculine and feminine.5
63249309Tu as l'air travailleuse.You seem hardworking feminine.6
63249311Il a l'air amusant.He seems funny.7
63249313Il a l'air aventureux.He seems adventurous.8
63249314Elle a l'air aventureuse.She seems adventurous.9
63249320Elle a l'air cool.She seems cool.10
63249323Il a l'air embêtant.He seems annoying.11
63249327Il a l'air fou.He seems crazy.12
63249328Elle a l'air folle.She seems crazy.13
63249330Elle a l'air gentille.She seems nice.14
63249331Il a l'air intelligent.He seems intelligent.15
63249334Elle a l'air méchante.She seems mean.16
63249335Il a l'air serviable.He seems helpful.17
63249337Il a l'air paresseux.He seems lazy.18
63249338Elle a l'air paresseuse.She seems lazy.19
63249340Elle a l'air sportive.She seems sporty.20
63249341Il a l'air timide.He seems shy.21
63249344Elle a l'air travailleuse.She seems hardworking.22
63249525Tu as l'air gentille.You seem nice feminine.23
63249526Tu as l'air gentil.You seem nice masculine.24
63252317Il a l'air comment?What does he seem like?25
63252318Elle a l'air comment?What does she seem like?26
284803113J'ai l'air méchant.I seem mean masculine.27
284803114J'ai l'air timide.I seem shy masculine.28
284803115J'ai l'air gentille.I seem nice feminine.29

U1_Foundation_Culture Shock_Set 01.2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
186463519dietn. the food and drink usually taken by a person or group: (khẩu phần ăn)0
186463520point of view1. a way of considering something (khía cạnh, mặt); 2 an opinion: (ý kiến, quan điểm)1
186463521be keen on something/doing somethingadj. be interested in something/ doing something (thích gì/ làm gì)2
186463522out of this worldextremely good: (cực ngon, tuyệt vời)3
186463523extremeadj. very large in amount or degree: (rất lớn - về mức độ)4
186463524heatn. the quality of being hot or warm, or the temperature of something (sức nóng)5
186463525contrastn. an obvious difference between two or more things: (sự khác biệt, ngược lại)6
186463526prettyadv. quite, but not extremely: (khá, khá là)7
186463527barriern. anything that prevents people from being together or understanding each other: (rào cản)8
186463528initiallyadv. at the beginning: (ban đầu, lúc đầu)9
186463529generallyadv. considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part of them: (nói chung, nhìn chung)10
186463530situationn. the set of things that are happening and the conditions that exist at a particular time and place: (tình hình, hoàn cảnh)11
186463531eventuallyadv. in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc: (cuối cùng thì, rốt cục thì)12
186463532prefer preferencev. to like, choose or want one thing rather than another (thích hơn): n. thị hiếu, sở thích13
186463533be enthusiastic about enthusiasmadj. feeling or showing a lot of excitement and interest about sb/sth: (hào hứng, nhiệt tình, thích thú); n14
186463534make sb do sthv. to cause to do: làm cho/ yêu cầu ai làm gì15
186463535be faced with sthv. deal with (đối phó với, khắc phục - một vấn đề)16
186463536whateverdespite anything (Bất kể điều gì)17
186463537howeverdespite whatever amount or degree: (Bất kể như thế nào)18
186463538normalAdj. ordinary or usual (bình thường)19
186463539get throughPhv. Complete, pass - a difficult experience or period (hoàn thành, vượt qua - một giai đoạn khó khăn)20

Biological Membrane Flashcards

Semmelweis

Terms : Hide Images
282784114What is each cell covered by?An extremely thin membrane
282784115What does the membrane do?Seperates and protect the interior of the cell from its environment
282784116What is it also called?Plasma membrane
282784117What is the second function of the membrane?Interaction and communication with the cells environment
282784118What are RBC's called?Erythrocytes
282784119In what microscope can the plasma membrane be seen?Electron microcope
282784120How thick is the membrane?8-10 nm
282784121Where is the membrane also present?In the cell interior (er, golgi-apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria)
282784122What layer does the membrane consist of?The lipid bilayer
282784123What are the molecular compenents of this?Lipids, proteins and a small amount of carbohydrates
282784124What are lipids?Fal-like molecules
282784125What are the two parts of a lipid?A hydrophobic (water repellant) and hydrophilic (water attractant) part
282784126What substances are they represented by?Phospholipids, cholesterol etc.
282784127What is a micelle?A circular arrangement of lipids, hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior
282784128What is the physical properties of the interior of the membrane?It is always hydrophobic
282784129What does this create?A diffusion barrier
282784130What does the diffusion barrier repel?Hydrophilic molecules and ions
282784131What does it allow through?Hydrophobic molecules (o2 co2 steroids)
282784132How does the bilayer behave?As a two dimensional fluid
282784133Is the bilayer motile?Yes
282784134What does the fluidity depend on?Amount of cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids, temperature
282784135What does the bilayer form in an aqueous environment?Circular vescicles
282784136How many percent of the membrane mass is proteins?25-75 %
282784137How many lipid molecules are there per protein?50
282784138Two types of membrane proteinsIntegral and peripheral
282784139How are the integral proteins bound?Firmly and cannot be removed without destroying the bilayer
282784140How are transmembrane proteins shaped?They extend across the bilayer in a "single-pass and multipass" function. Most important
282784141Membrane proteins partially embedded into the bilayerSimilar to TMP, but do not span the bilary
282784142Anchored membrane proteinsLocated on one side, covalently bound lipid chain.
282784143Peripheral membrane proteinsHydrophilic proteins on either extracellular or cytosolic surface.
282784144How are they attatched?By weak bonds to an IMP
282784145Can they be removed?Yes, without destruction
282784146What is Glycocalyx?A Short sugar chain, covalently bound to proteins or lipids
282784147How is the membrane supported?By the membrane skeleton
282784148What does it contain?A network of filamentous proteins
282784149Lateral diffusion:Proteins are motile and move in alteral direction
282784150CaveolaeLipid rafts with caveolin on the inner side of the membrane
282784151Diffusion barrierInhibits free difusion of substances
282784152What goes through the barrier?Small hydrophobic molecules (small fat) Small uncharged polar molecules (small ice)
282784153What doesn't go through the barrier?Large uncharged polar molecules Ions
282784154Two mechanisms for uptake and release:Membrane transport endocytosis and exocytosis
282784155how many of the proteins in cell are memebrane transport proteins?20-30 %!
282784156TWO GROUPS OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS?Carrier proteins and channel proteins
282784157What does a carrier protein transport?A molecule or ion
282784158How does it do this?Conformational change
282784159What is facilitated diffusion?Stuff is transported along their concerntration gradient (from high conc to low conc) no energy required
282784160What is active transport?A pump, moving something against its concentration gradient, needs energy
282784161What re the two types of active transport?Atp-pumps Secondary active transport
282784162What do ion channels form?A hydrophilic channel across the membrane
282784163Water channel example:Aquaporin
282784164Three types of contact between cell and environment:Signal registration cell-cell recognition stable binding between cells
282784165Signal registration:Membrane receptors
282784166Cell cell recognition:adhesion molecules
282784167stable binding between cells:intercellular junctional structures

SAT Vocabulary List 24 Flashcards

SAT Vocabulary List 24 --- Mr. Sanford

Terms : Hide Images
686441529Accoladenoun: An expression of approval; praise; a special acknowledgment.
686441530Admonishverb: To reprove gently but earnestly; to counsel (another) against something to be avoided.
686441531Ancillaryadjective: Of secondary importance; auxiliary; assisting in some capacity; collateral.
687339048Believerb: To picture falsely; to misrepresent.
687339049Boornoun: A person with rude, uncultured manners and little refinement; heathen.
687339050Chimericaladjective: Unreal; highly unrealistic; imaginary; visionary.
687339051Contemporaneousadjective: Originating, existing, or happening during the same period of time as something else; simultaneous; concurrent.
687339052Dalliancenoun: The deliberate act of wasting time instead of working; procrastinating.
687339053Deposeverb: To remove from office or power; to dethrone.
687339054Dirgenoun: A funeral hymn or lament; a slow, mournful musical composition.
687339055Disheveledadjective: Unkempt; rumpled or tussled; careless and untidy.
687339056Effeteadjective: Depleted of vitality, force, or effectiveness.
687339057Ennuinoun: Listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest.
687339058Exultverb: To rejoice greatly; to jubilate; to be triumphant.
687339059Gibeverb: To make taunting, heckling, or jeering remarks; to deride.
687339060Hegemonynoun: The predominant political, religious, and/or cultural influence exercised by one nation over others.
687339061Hypotheticaladjective: Highly conjectural; theoretical or speculative; not well supported by available evidence.
687339062Indubitableadjective: Too apparent or obvious to be doubted; undeniable.
687339063Intimationnoun: To make known subtly and indirectly; to hint at indirectly.
687339064Intractableadjective: Difficult to manage or govern; stubborn; difficult to work with.
687339065Marmorealadjective: Resembling marble, as in smoothness or hardness.
687339066Multifariousadjective: Having great variety; diverse; manifold.
687339067Oleaginousadjective: Unpleasantly and excessively suave or ingratiating in manner or speech.
687339068Polarizeverb: To divide into sharply opposing factions, opinions, or political groups. noun-Polarization: A sharp division, as of population or group, into opposing factions.
687339069Polyglotnoun: A person possessing a speaking, reading, or writing knowledge or several languages.
687339070Potentatenoun: One who possesses the power and position to rule over others.
687339071Promulgateverb: To make known by public declaration; to announce or declare officially.
687339072Propagateverb: To cause to multiply or breed; to transmit from one generation to another.
687339073Queuenoun: A file or line, especially of people waiting their turn.
687339074Relinquishverb: To renounce or surrender; to give up or abandon.
687339075Repudiateverb: To reject the validity or authority of; to impugn.
687339076Retinuenoun: A group following and attending to some important luminary, celebrity, or dignitary.
687339077Ruminateverb: To reflect on or think about over and over again; to turn a matter over and over in mind; to cogitate.
687339078Solicitousadjective: Anxious or concerned; anxiously desirous; overly eager.
687339079Torpornoun: Lethargy or apathy; listlessness; inaction; extreme sluggishness or stagnation.

Physics IGCSE Equations and Units Flashcards

All the equations and units you need to know for double award Edexcel IGCSE Physics.

Terms : Hide Images
786168106Average SpeedTotal distance/total time
786168107Accelerationchange in velocity / time
786168108Forcemass x acceleration
786168109MomentForce x perpendicular distance
786168110Orbital speed2 x pi x r / time period
786168111Electrical PowerI x V
786168112Electrical EnergyI x V x t
786168113VoltageI x R
786168114Charge (Q)I x t
786168115Wave speedfrequency x wavelength
786168116frequency1 / T
786168117Refractive index (n)sin I / sin r
786168118Critical anglesin C = 1/n
786168119Efficiency(useful energy out/total energy in) x100
786168120WorkForce x distance
786168121GPEm x g x h
786168122KE1/2 x m x v2
786168123PowerWork done / time taken
786168124Densitymass/volume
786168125Pressureforce/area
786168126pressure differenceheight x density x g
786168127Boyle's LawP1V1=P2V2
786168128Pressure LawP1/T1=P2/T2
786168129Unit of massKg
786168130Unit of weightN
786168131Unit of ForceN
786168132Unit of speedm/s
786168133Unit of Accelerationm/s/s
786168134Unit of PowerW Watts
786168135Unit of EnergyJ Joule
786168136Unit of CurrentA Ampere
786168137Unit of ChargeC Coulomb
786168138Unit of resistanceohm
786168139Unit of frequencyHz
786168140Unit of PressurePa Pascal
786168141Unit of radioactive activityBq Bequerel

Campbell Reece Biology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Important terms and processes for chapter 6, A TOUR OF THE CELL. Based off of cambell reeece biology edition 8 AP.

Terms : Hide Images
569333630actin(ak´-tin) A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells.
569333631basal body(ba´-sul) A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole.
569333632cell fractionationThe disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation.
569333633cell wallA protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component of cell walls.
569333634central vacuoleA membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
569333635centriole(sen´-tre-ol) A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
569333636centrosome(sen´-tro-som) Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
569333637chloroplast(klor´-o-plast) An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
569333638chromatin(kro´-muh-tin) The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
569333639chromosome(kro´-muh-som) A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (A bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.) See also chromatin.
569333640cilium(sil´-e-um) (plural, cilia) A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the "9 + 2" arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signaling role; it lacks the two inner microtubules (the "9 + 0" arrangement).
569333641collagenA glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
569333642contractile vacuoleA membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.
569333643crista(plural, cristae) (kris´-tuh, kris´-te) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).
569333644cytoplasm(si´-to-plaz´-um) The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
569333645cytoplasmic streamingA circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
569333646cytoskeletonA network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
569333647cytosol(si´-to-sol) The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
569333648desmosomeA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet.
569333649dynein(di´-ne-un) In cilia and flagella, a large contractile protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.
569333650electron microscope (EM)A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces.
569333651endomembrane systemThe collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
569333652endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(en´-do-plaz´-mik ruh tik´-yu-lum) An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
569333653eukaryotic cell(yu'-ker-e-ot'-ik) A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.
569333654extracellular matrix (ECM)The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells.
569333655fibronectinA glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix.
569333656flagellum(fluh-jel´-um) (plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure.
569333657food vacuoleA membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.
569333658gap junctionA type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.
569333659glycoproteinA protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
569333660Golgi apparatus(gol´-je) An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.
569333661granum(gran´-um) (plural, grana) A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
569333662integrinin animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
569333663intermediate filamentA component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
569333664light microscope (LM)An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
569333665lysosome(li´-suh-som) A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
569333666microfilamentA cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament.
569333667microtubuleA hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
569333668middle lamella(luh-mel´-uh) In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.
569333669mitochondrial matrixThe compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.
569333670mitochondrion(mi´-to-kon´-dre-un) (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
569333671myosin(mi´-uh-sin) A type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
569333672nuclear evelopeThe double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
569333673nuclear laminaA netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
569333674nucleoidThe double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
569333675nucleolus(nu-kle´-o-lus) (plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. See also ribosome.
569333676nucleus(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
569333677organelle(or-guh-nel´) Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
569333678peroxisome(puh-rok´-suh-som´) An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
569333679phagocytosis(fag´-o-si-to´-sis) A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).
569333680plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
569333681plasmodesma(plaz´-mo-dez´-muh) (plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
569333682plastidOne of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts). Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic organisms.
569333683primary cell wallIn plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.
569333684prokaryotic cell(pro´-kar´-e-ot´-ik) A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.
569333685proteoglycan(pro'-te-o-gli'-kan) A glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate.
569333686pseudopodium(su´-do-po´-de-um) (plural, pseudopodia) A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
569333687ribosome(ri'-buh-som') A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus.
569333688rough ERThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
569333689scanning electron microscope (SEM)A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.
569333690secondary cell wallIn plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.
569333691smooth ERThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
569333692stroma(stro´-muh) Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
569333693thylakoid(thi´-luh-koyd) A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
569333694tight junctionA type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
569333695tonoplastMembrane enclosing the central vacuole
569333696transmission electron microscope (TEM)A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
569333697transport vesicleA tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
569333698ultracentrifugea high speed centrifuge used to determine the relative molecular masses of large molecules in high polymers and proteins

Ch13 Biology in Focus Flashcards

Adapted from:
Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., Jackson, R., & Reece, J. (2014). Campbell biology in focus. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. (ISBN# 0321813804)

Terms : Hide Images
787519823Bacterial artificial chromosomeA large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs.
787519824BacteriophageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
787519825BiotechnologyThe manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products.
787519826cDNA libraryA gene library containing clones that carry complementary DNA (cDNA) inserts. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells whose mRNA was isolated to make the cDNA.
787519827Cloning vectorIn genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. Cloning vectors include plasmids that move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection.
787519828Complementary DNA (cDNA)A double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. A cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene.
787519829DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3´ end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5´ end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain).
787519830DNA microarray assayA method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA.
787519831DNA polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3´ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in prokaryotes.
787519832Double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
787519833ElectroporationA technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
787519834EuchromatinThe less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
787519835Expression vectorA cloning vector that contains the requisite bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell.
787519836Gel electrophoresisA technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel.
787519837Gene cloningThe production of multiple copies of a gene.
787519838Gene therapyThe introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes.
787519839Genetic engineeringThe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
787519840Genetic profileAn individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
787519841Genetically modified (GM) organismAn organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism.
787519842Genomic libraryA set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
787519843HelicaseAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
787519844HeterochromatinEukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.
787519845HistoneA small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.
787519846In situ hybridizationA technique used to detect the location of a specific mRNA using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe in an intact organism.
787519847In vitro mutagenesisA technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant.
787519848Lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5´→3´ direction away from the replication fork.
787519849Leading strandThe new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5´→3´ direction.
787519850Mismatch repairThe cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.
787519851Northern blottingA technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of mRNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of RNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe.
787519852NucleaseAn enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.
787519853Nucleic acid hybridizationThe process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
787519854Nucleic acid probeIn DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected.
787519855NucleoidA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
787519856NucleosomeThe basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.
787519857Nucleotide excision repairA repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
787519858Okazaki fragmentA short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
787519859Origin of replicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
787519860PhageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
787519861PlasmidA small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts.
787519862PluripotentDescribing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism.
787519863Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
787519864PrimaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
787519865PrimerA short stretch of RNA with a free 3´ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
787519866Recombinant DNAA DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.
787519867Replication forkA Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are growing.
787519868Restriction fragmentA DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme.
787519869Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme. A RFLP can be in coding or noncoding DNA.
787519870Restriction siteA specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme.
787519871Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)A technique for determining expression of a particular gene. It uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest.
787519872RNA interference (RNAi)A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes. RNAi uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.
787519873Semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
787519874Short tandem repeats (STR)Simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. Variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles.
787519875Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.
787519876Southern blottingA technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of DNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe.
787519877Stem cellAny relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation.
787519878Sticky endA single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment.
787519879TelomeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
787519880TelomereThe tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that protects the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.
787519881Ti plasmidA plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium (the plant pathogen Agrobacterium) that integrates a segment of its DNA (T DNA) into a chromosome of a host plant. The Ti plasmid is frequently used as a vector for genetic engineering in plants.
787519882TopoisomeraseA protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
787519883TotipotentDescribing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them.
787519884Transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
787519885TransgenicPertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species.
787519886Yeast artificial chromosomeA cloning vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome—an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres—with foreign DNA.

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