Chapter 5: Campbell Biology 9th ed. Flashcards
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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| 693511445 | macromolecules | four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | |
| 693511446 | polymer | large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together | |
| 693511447 | monomer | a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers | |
| 693511448 | enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts | |
| 693511449 | dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | |
| 693511450 | hydrolysis | a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water | |
| 693511451 | carbohydrates | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body | |
| 693511452 | aldose | a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal | |
| 693511453 | ketose | any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal | |
| 693511454 | disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides | |
| 693511455 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | |
| 693511456 | polysaccharide | any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules | |
| 693511457 | starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in plants | |
| 693511458 | amylose | unbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-4 linkages | |
| 693511459 | amylopectin | branched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-6 linkages | |
| 693511460 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | |
| 693511461 | cellulose | polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, never branched and has beta linkages | |
| 693511462 | chitin | complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods | |
| 693511463 | lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, hydrophobic | |
| 693511464 | fat | constructed from glycerol and fatty acids | |
| 693511465 | fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids | |
| 693511466 | triglyceride | A type of lipid in which the macromolecule is composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule | |
| 693511467 | trans fat | the fat that results when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats to prevent the separation of lipids (margarine and peanut butter are examples); this process produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds | |
| 693511468 | phospholipids | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. | |
| 693511469 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings | |
| 693511470 | cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, synthesized in the liver and obtained from diet | |
| 693511471 | catalysts | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed | |
| 693511472 | proteins | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids. | |
| 693511473 | polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | |
| 693511474 | amino acids | building blocks of proteins | |
| 693511475 | peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid | |
| 693511476 | primary structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. | |
| 693511477 | secondary structure | Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet | |
| 693511478 | tertiary structure | the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the side chains | |
| 693511479 | quaternary structure | Association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein | |
| 693511480 | disulfide bridges | Strong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | |
| 693511481 | collagen | A protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc. | |
| 693511482 | sickle cell anemia | A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans. | |
| 693511483 | chaperonins | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins | |
| 693511484 | gene | a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain | |
| 693511485 | nucleic acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus | |
| 693511486 | DNA | double stranded and shaped like a double helix, stores hereditary information | |
| 693511487 | RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose, various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes | |
| 693511488 | nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases | |
| 693511489 | pyrimidine | a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil | |
| 693511490 | purine | nitrogeneous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms such as adenine and guanine, a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine |
