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Economics & the Gilded Age (1877-1900) Flashcards

Economics and the Gilded Age (1877-1900)
Mr. Lickteig
Fort Riley Middle School
8th Grade Social Studies

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61461544economicsthe study of how people use their resources to satisfy their needs
61461545allocateto give out, or distribute
61461546specializationfocusing on making only one item so you master it, then trading for other things you need
61461547capitalism"winner-take-all" economy, government hands-off, used in USA
61461548expensescosts a buiness has
61461549demandwhat consumers WANT
61461550supplythe amount of a something AVAILABLE
61461551assetsthe amount of money available to a person or business
61461552market economyan economy where PRODUCERS and CONSUMERS decide how to use resources
61461553entrepreneurshiptaking a NEW idea and creating a NEW business - lots of RISK
61461554producera person or business who MAKE goods or services for consumers
61461555opportunity costwhat you give up to get something (does NOT include money)
61461556consumerpeople and businesses that USE goods or services
61461557command economyan economy where the GOVERNMENT decides how to use resources
61461558servicesactivities that people do for other people
61461559scarcitywhen demand is higher then supply
61461560goodsobjects that people make and use
61461561profitmoney gained
61461562marketa place where trade occurs
61461563Homestead Actallowed people 21+ and US citizens to buy 160 acres of land for $10; used in KS
61461564Timber Culture Actallowed people to buy more land if they promised to plant trees
61461565Preemption Actlaw that said if you lived on the land BEFORE it was a state, you could legally buy your land
61461566squattera person who settled on Indian lands BEFORE a state actually created
61461567sectiona measurement of land used by surveyors; 640 acres or 1 square mile
61461568tenant farminga method of raising crops in which people who could not afford to buy land could RENT from someone who did
61461569Bessemer processallowed for quick manufacture of steel, added oxygen to the process
61461570iron and carbonthe two elements that make steel
61461571patent"copyright" an invention, allows only the inventor to sell the invention
61461572Thomas Edisoninventor responsible for over 1,000 inventions, most used electricity; lightbulb, phonograph, motion picture
61461573Second Industrial Revolutionperiod of rapid growth in machinery in the US in the late 1800s
61461574free enterprisea business that is free from government involvement
61461575laissez-fairethe term that means the government is "hands-off" when messing with the economy
61461576entrepreneursomeone who starts a NEW business
61461577vertical integrationowning businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
61461578horizontal integrationowning all the businesses in a certain field
61461579trustlegal arrangement that groups companies under ONE NAME, aka monopoly
61461580corporationcompanies that sell shares of ownership, LARGE PUBLIC COMPANIES
61461581stockthe term for a share of a company, bought by brokers
61461582philanthropysupport for charity and the needy
61461583Darwinthe "father" of evolution
61461584Natural SelectionDarwin's theory of evolution, said only the strong survive
61461585Social Darwinismapplying the theory of evolution to businesses, only the strong will survive
61461586Carnegiefather of US Steel, made lots of money
61461587Rockefellarhead of Standard Oil, made lots of money
61461588Standard Oilthe first major monopoly in the US, Rockefellar was in charge
61461589Wright Brothersinventors of the first in flight airplane
61461590unionan organization focused on workers rights
61461591Knights of Labora union that combined both unskilled and skilled workers, first MAJOR union
61461592American Federation of Laborunion that was focused on SKILLED workers; set up special unions for specific workers (miners, teachers, etc)
61461593collective bargainingthe process in which the leader of the Union and the Owners come to an agreement
61461594old immigrantsimmigrants who came to the US before the 1880's, mostly from WESTERN Europe
61461595new immigrantsimmigrants who came to the US during 1880's, mostly from EASTERN Europe
61461596suburbsareas right outside cities, "under" cities
61461597Chinese Exclusion Actbanned Chinese immigrants from coming to the US in the 1880s
61461598Hull Housegroup in Chicago that helped new immigrants learn English and beome educated
61461599urbancity
61461600ruralfarm/country
61461601macroprefix meaning "large"
61461602microprefix meaning "small"
61461603incentivesthings that encourage people to action; people respond to these, Things that incite or spur to action; rewards or reasons for performing a task
61461604standard of livingthe quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier
61461605inflationwhen price goes up because the government prints too much money
61461606GDPthe total value of goods and services sold in a country within its' border
61461607literacy ratepercentage of adult population that can read & write
61461608primary economyan economy that focuses on harvesting raw resources; ex: Haiti
61461609secondary economyan economy that focuses on manufacturing and processing resources; ex: China
61461610tertiary economyan economy that focuses on service professions; ex: USA
61461611Gilded Ageperiod in American history from 1877 to 1900; US looked prosperous however only a few actually got rich
61461612equilibriumwhen supply and demand curves intersect; determines price and quantity provided
61461613slopethe steepness of a line; change in Y over the change in X
61461614pricewhat is on the Y axis on a Supply & Demand Graph
61461615quantitywhat is on the X axis on a Supply & Demand Graph
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Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

1865-1896

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462545599Sitting BullAmerican Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War
462545600George A. CusterUnited States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, against a coalition of Native American tribes composed almost exclusively of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. "Last Stand"
462545601Chief JosephLeader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations
462545602GeronimoApache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.
462545603Helen Hunt JacksonA writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans.
462545604William F. CodyBuffalo Bill; he was an American adventurer, soldier, and showman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His popular "Wild West Show," begun in the 1880s, featured acts such as the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battles between Native Americans and army troops, and breathtaking displays of cowboy skills and horsemanship.
462545605Oliver H. Kelleyconsidered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.
462545606William Hope HarveyWrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin's Financial School; this pamphlet overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver
462545607Mary Elizabeth Leasebecame well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.
462545608Frederick Jackson TurnerAmerican historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
462545609James B. WeaverAmerican politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).
462545610Jacob S. Coxeya wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts
462545611Eugene V. Debsleader of the american railway union, he voted to aid workers in the pullman strike. he was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
462545612William McKinley25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
462545613Marcus Alonzo HannaUsed the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.
462545614William Jennings BryanUnited States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
462545615Sioux Warslasted from 1876-1877. gold-greedy miners rushed into native american land, breaking treaties. sitting bull v. Custer until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. native americans were forced into canada until they starved or surrendered
462545616Nez Percein 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation
462545617Apacheany member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico); , the language of the Apache people
462545618Battle of Wounded KneeUS soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.
462545619Dawes Severalty ActBill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes
462545620Little Big HornGeneral Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
462545621Buffalo SoldiersNickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s
462545622Comstock LodeFirst discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.
462545623Long Drivermoving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped the cattle to market
462545624Homestead ActPassed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.
462545625Sooner StateOklahoma's nickname because about 500.000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 1907
462545626Safety-valve theoryThis states that when hard times hit, the unemployed move west, took up farming and became prosperous. With the close of the frontier the less fortunate had no place to start a new life, thus leading to urban overcrowding and inner city problems.
462545627Bonanza farmsLarge scale farms often over 50,000 acres, where farmers set up companies to operate
462545628National Grangesocial and educational organization for farmers
462545629Granger lawsGrangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
462545630Farmers' AllianceA Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
462545631Colored Farmers National AllianceMore than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.
462545632Populist (People's) Partyfounded in 1892 advocated variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators
462545633Coin's Financial Schoolpopular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors
462545634Coxey's Armya protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time
462545635Pullman Strike1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - President Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery
462545636Cross of Gold SpeechAn impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
462545637Gold Bugsreferred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver
46254563816 to 1The ratio of silver to gold promoted by Bryan's Democratic political platform in 1896.
462545639Fourth party systemNew party system that emerged in 1896 after the McKinley/Bryan election; marked the end of a large scale effort to gain agrarian votes, diminished voter participation, weakening of party organization, & fading issues of $ & civil service reform
462545640Dingley Tariff Billpassed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.
462545641Gold Standard ActSigned by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.
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The Gilded Age Flashcards

The following flashcards include significant terms, places, persons, legislation, and events from the periods of industrialization, urbanization, and the Gilded Age.

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445715831Second Industrial RevolutionOriginating in the United States and Germany, this produced technological innovations in the fields of transportation, communication, electrical, chemical, and steel industries. Also resulted in mass production of goods and consumerism.
445715832Titusville, PennsylvaniaSite of the nation's first oil well, discovered in 1859 by Edwin Drake. This led to increased developments in the kerosene and gasoline industries.
445715833Horatio AlgerPopular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work.
445715834Laissez-FairePolicy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
445715835Menlo ParkNew Jersey village west of New York City where Thomas Edison established the world's first industrial research laboratory in 1876. He was funded by banker J.P. Morgan.
446840451Protective TariffTax on imported goods designed to stimulate economic growth by encouraging consumers to buy American goods.
445742021PatentA license that gives the inventor of a new product the exclusive right to sell it for a defined period of time.
445742022Bessemer ProcessMethod for purifying iron into an inexpensive and lightweight steel, created in 1858. Made steel production more accessible and affordable, leading to the development of skyscrapers, suspension bridges, and other technological marvels.
445742023Time ZoneCreated in 1884 by a delegation of 27 nations; the purpose of these 24 regions was to alleviate traveler confusion when covering great distances by train.
445742024CorporationShared ownership in a business that allows investors to take greater financial risks by reducing losses in the event of business failure; these entities were legally treated as individuals and were able to file law suits and own property.
445742025MonopolyExclusive control of economic markets.
445742026CartelAn informal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production.
445742027Vertical IntegrationAbsorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution.
445742028Horizontal IntegrationAbsorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level.
445742029J.P. MorganA highly successful investment banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation. Known for consolidating multiple firms into a larger, more successful entity (railroads, steel, etc.).
445742030TrustA combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement and governed by a board of directors.
445742031Social DarwinismThe application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - in this instance as justification for the successes and failures of individuals in the business world.
445742032Interstate Commerce CommissionFormed in 1887 to regulate railroads, though its power was limited by its inability to do more than make gentle suggestions to the government.
445742033Sherman Anti-Trust ActIn 1890, this became the first United States law to limit trusts and big business. It outlawed any trusts that purposefully interfered with interstate trade.
445742034Molly MaguiresRadical organization of Irish miners who used violence to protest the poor working conditions in Pennsylvania coal fields; 24 were convicted in 1876, leading to the dissolution of the Miner's National Association and a wage reduction.
445742035Great Railroad Strike1877 strike beginning in West Virginia that led to sympathy walk-outs across the entire country, resulting in over 100 dead and millions of dollars of property damage.
445742036Knights of LaborFounded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens, the group emphasized social change over workers' rights and operated as a secret society until 1881, when Terrance Powderly began to reform the organization.
445742037Samuel GompersFounded the American Federation of Labor in 1886 as a craft union of skilled workers; focused on obtaining workers' rights and downplayed social issues.
445746584Haymarket RiotA demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent when an Anarchist threw a bomb at a policeman, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred. The Knights of Labor were used as a scapegoat for the incident, leading to the demise of the Knights by 1893.
445746585Homestead Strike1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Pinkerton detectives were called in to disperse the strike, resulting in a violent standoff that ended in an attempted assassination of Carnegie's partner, Henry Frick.
445746586Pullman Strike1894 strike against the low wages of the Pullman Car Company that resulted in nationwide walkouts of 300,000 railroad employees. Dispersed by federal troops under Cleveland, who cited violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
446886662"New Immigrants"People who traveled to the United States beginning in the 1870s, principally from central and eastern Europe; most were unskilled, penniless, and spoke little English.
446886663Push FactorsNegative conditions that induced people to emigrate from their home country; typically included religious or political persecution, poverty, or military conflict.
446886664Pull FactorsPositive conditions that encouraged people to immigrate to the United States; included inexpensive land, job opportunities, and "chain" immigration of families
446886665Contract Labor Act1864 legislation that promoted immigration by allowing businesses to recruit laborers directly from their home countries, promising both employment and paid travel expenses; repealed in 1868.
446886666Ellis IslandImmigration processing center that opened in New York Harbor in 1892; where most East Coast immigrants were filtered into the country.
446886667AmericanizationProcess of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.
446886668Settlement HousesMostly run by middle-class native-born women, these provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States.
446886669NativismThe belief that white, native-born Americans were superior to foreigners; often resulted from fears of job competition, unfamiliar customs, religious tension, and political loss of control.
446886670Page Act1875 legislation that prohibited the immigration of Asian contract laborers, Asian prostitutes, and convicted felons.
446886671U.S. v. Kim Wong ArkSupreme Court Case which, in 1898, supported a native born American's right to citizenship regardless of a parent's nationality.
446886672Chinese Exclusion ActLaw passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country, but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence.
446886673Streetcar SuburbsCommunities on the outskirts of large cities that allowed middle and upper class citizens to live outside inner-city chaos through the use of mass transit (streetcars, subways, etc.)
446886674Jacob RiisJournalist and photographer who exposed poor tenement living conditions in 1890 book, "How the Other Half Lives."
446886675Chicago Fire1871 event that revealed the dangers of urban congestion, gas lighting, and open fireplaces.
446886676ConsumerismMovement in which buyers have access to the same goods in in similar markets; made possible by product branding, mass production, and increased standard of living.
446886677Rowland H. MacyFormed the first department store in 1858, making heavy use of advertising and the organization of goods into discrete areas, or departments.
446886678Yellow JournalismSensationalized form of newspaper reporting popularized by competing newspaper magnates Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal).
446886679James NaismithInvented basketball in 1891.
446886680John DeweyAdvocated progressive education that focused on the application of knowledge rather than rote memorization.
448058403Political MachineA network of activists that worked for a party "boss" in order to maintain control of regional spheres of influence, or "rings."
448058404Boss William TweedPolitical "boss" in New York City that ran the Tammany Hall Ring until his arrest in 1871; though corrupt, he and other bosses brought structure and necessary services to communities.
448058405Thomas NastOften considered the "Father of the American Cartoon," he was a political cartoonist whose scathing commentary on government corruption helped in the 1876 capture of William Tweed.
448058406RepublicansConsidered the "party of morality," this group supported business and was primarily composed of Protestants, nativists, and prohibitionists of British descent.
448058407DemocratsA political party composed of a hodgepodge of Jews, Catholics, immigrants, and "free-thinkers" that usually supported labor.
448058408Pendleton Act1883 legislation signed by president Chester A. Arthur that attempted to replace the spoils system of government employment with a merit-based system.
448058409MugwumpsRepublican reformers who supported Grover Cleveland in the 1884 election; mostly educators and editors who favored civil service reform and free trade.
448058410"Stalwarts"Group of Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling; supporters of both president Grant and the spoils system.
448058411"Half-Breeds"Group of Republicans led by James G. Blaine; only half committed to president Grant and the spoils system.
448058412Sherman Silver Purchase Act1890 legislation that required the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver per month; this both expanded the money supply and fueled the increasingly volatile gold-silver debate.
448058413Booker T. WashingtonFavored black social equality through "accommodation" - the acceptance of segregation and proof of deserved equality through hard work.
448058414W.E.B. Du BoisHarvard educated black reformer who demanded immediate social equality, stating that it had already been earned.
448058415Yick Wo v. Hopkins1886 court case concerning the ban of a Chinese-run laundry; ruling determined that race-neutral laws applied in a prejudicial manner were unconstitutional.
448058416National Woman Suffrage AssociationOrganization formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869 to raise support for women's voting rights.
448058417PopulismAlso called the "People's Party," this was a movement and political platform created in 1892 that emphasized farmer's rights, business regulations, silver coinage, immigration limits, and the nationalization of transportation and communication systems.
448058418GrangeFounded by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867, this group lobbied for more favorable conditions for farmers and regulations on freight and warehouse storage rates.
448058419Panic of 1893Economic crises caused by the failures of major railroads (both Philadelphia and Reading), bank closings, agricultural debt, and a restriction of gold reserves.
448058420William Jennings BryanDemocratic candidate in the election of 1892, he advocated taxation of the wealthy, federal welfare programs, worker's rights, and prohibition; an evangelical candidate who shaped the modern politician with his grandstanding and "common man" appeal.
448058421Dingley Act1897 legislation pushed by president McKinley to return the country to stable economic footing by raising the tariff to its highest level yet.
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Pharmacology concepts test 1 Flashcards

pharmacology test one

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6381527054 phases of pharacokinetics1. absorption 2. distribution 3. metabolism 4. excertion
638152706what effects oral absorbtionsolubility, pH of stomach, blood flow, GI mobility, 1st pass liver effects
6381527071st pass effectinitial metabolism in the liver of a drug before reaching bloodstream
638152708what effects SQ absorbtionamount of surface area, blood flow, heat/massage to area
638152709what effects topical absorptionamount of surface area, circulation, fluid balance
638152710what effects distributionblood flow, ability to bind to plasma proteins, barriers
638152711sites of metabolismmostly liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma, & intestinal mucosa
638152712what effects metabolismhepatic transformation
638152713sites of excertionmostly kidneys, liver & bowel
638152714what effects excertionkidney, liver & cardiac function
638152715what dose route of administration affects and not affectamount in blood steam, response intensity, time of onset, peak action. does not affect rate of metabolism & rate of excertion
638152716the 3 basic ways that drugs act are..1. receptor interaction 2. enzyme interaction 3. non-specific interaction
638152717cellular response to drugs varies depending on ...1. type of drug 2. type of cell 3. characteristics of the receptor
638152718what are some physiologic factors affecting drug responsegender, biological rhythms, genetic make-up, nutrition, disease of a system
638152719the types of drug therapiesacute, maintenance, supplemental, palliative, supportive, prophylactic
6381527203 drug routesmouth topical parenteral
638152721examples of liquid medication formssyrups, elixirs, tinctures, solutions, emulsions
638152722examples of solid tablet medication formsscored, effervescent, chew-able, layered, enteric, capsules, spansules, lozenges
638152723SRsustained release
638152724LAlong acting
638152725CRcontinuous release
638152726topical routes of administrationSL, buccal, inhalation, instillation
638152727parenteral routes of admonistrationintradermal, SQ, IM, interartial, intrathecal, intrarticular, intraocual
638152728what is included in drug classicficationchemical name, generic name, trade name
638152729what are drug classifications by functionclinical indication, body system, pharmacological function
638152730what doesn't the FDA regulatevitamins, herbal products, homeopathic
6381527313 sources that we get drugs fromanimals, minerals, chenicals
638152732name the active ingredients in plantsalkaloids, glycoside, gums, resin, & oils
638152733what substances do we get from animals to make drugshormones, oils/fats, enzymes, vaccines
638152734examples of minerals we useiron, iodine, epsom salt
638152735the nursing process stepsassessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
638152736assessment includes what kind of dataobjective an subjective data
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Campbell Biology Chapter 32 Flashcards

An Intruduction to Animal Diversity

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534198616animalsmulticellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues developed from embryonic layers
534198617collagenthe most abundant structural protein that helds together the animal cells
534198618cleavageThe process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.
534198619blastulaThe hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development
534198620gastrulationdevelopmental process in which three distinct cell layers form in an embryo: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
534198621gastrulaa stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of the cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron
534198622larvaA free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
534198623metamorphosisthe marked and rapid transformation of a larva into a juvenile, which resembles the adult but is not yet sexually mature.
534198624Hox genesSeries of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
534198625choanoflagelletsclosest living relatives to the animalia
534198626Ediacaran biotaAn early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old.
534198627Cambrian explosionA burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 535 to 525 million years ago.
534198628radial symmetrybody plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars
534198629bilateral symmetrybody plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates
534198630dorsal sidetop side, back of an animal - the spine side, away from the abdomen
534403176ventral sideThe underside, belly, or the lower body surface
534403177anterior endthe end of an animal that contains its head
534403178posterior endthe end of an animal that contains its tail
534403179cephalizationconcentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body (head and brain)
534403180sessiledescribes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life - radial animals
534403181planktonicdrifting passively with currents - radial animals
534403182Germ layersectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
534403183ectodermThe outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye
534403184endodermThe innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract
534403185archenteronThe endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
534403186diploblasticTerm for animals with just two germ layers - the ectoderm and endoderm. Include Cnidarians and comb jellies.
534403187mesodermthe middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue
534403188triploblasticPossessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.
534403189body cavitya fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall
534403190coelombody cavity
534403191coelomatesAn animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). - ex. earthworm
534403192pseudocoelomatesAn animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. ex. round worm
534403193acoelomatesanimals, such as flatworms, that do not have a body cavity
534403194Protostome developmentSpiral and determinate cleavage, solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom, mouth developes from blastopore.
534403195Deuterostome developmentRadial and indeterminate cleavage, folds of archenteron form coelom, anus develops from blastopore.
534403196determinate cleavageA type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
534403197indeterminate cleavageA type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
534403198blastoporein a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.
534403199Points of Agreement1. All animals share a common ancestor 2. Sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues 4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria 5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia
534403200All animals share a common ancestorboth trees indicate that animals are monophyletic, forming a clade called Metazoa
534403201Sponges are basal animalsAmong the extant taxa, sponges branch from the base of both animal trees.
534403202Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissuesall animals except for sponges and a few other groups belong to a clade of eumetazoans(true animals). Basal eumetazoans are diploblastic and generally have radial symmetry
534403203EcdysozoansA major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropoda (insects) and nematoda (roundworms).
534403204LophotrochozoansOne of the two groups of protostomes identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae.
534403205lophophoreIn some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.
534403206trochophore larvaDistinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals, including some annelids and molluscs.
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Chapter 32 Campbell Vocab Flashcards

Anderson AP Bio

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555257813AnteriorPertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
555257814ArchenteronThe endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
555257815AnthropodA segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs.
555257816Bilateral SymmetryBody symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
555257817BilaterianMember of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
555257818BlastoporeIn a gastrula, the opening of the archenteronthat typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.
555257819BlastulaIn a gastrula, the opening of the archenteronthat typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.
555257820Body CavityA fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall.
555257821Body PlanIn animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
555257822Cambrian ExplosionA relatively brief time in geologic history when large, hard-bodied forms of animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million years ago.
555257823Cell WallA protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component of cell walls.
555257824CephalizationAn evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body.
555257825ChordateMember of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
555257826CladeA group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
555257827Cleavage(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
555257828CoelomA body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm.
555257829CoelomateAn animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).
555257830Determinate CleavageA type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
555257831deuterostome developmentIn animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue.
555257832DiploblasticHaving two germ layers.
555257833ecdysozoanMember of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Many ecdysozoans are molting animals.
555257834EctodermThe outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye.
555257835EndodermThe innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures.
555257836EukaryaThe domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
555257837EumetazoanMember of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
555257838GastrulaAn embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
555257839GastrulationIn animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.
555257840GradeA group of organisms that share the same level of organizational complexity or share a key adaptation.
555257841HeteroptrophAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
555257842LarvaA free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
555257843LophophoreIn some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.
555257844LophotrochozoanMember of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae.
555257845MesodermThe middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures.
555257846MetamorphorsisThe middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures.
555257847MoltingA process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton.
555257848Protostone DevelopmentIn animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split.
555257849PseudocoelomateAn animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm.
555257850Radial ClealageA type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other.
555257851Radial SymetrySymmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacking a left side and a right side) and can be divided into mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis.
555257852Spiral CleavageA type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. As a result, the cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.
555257853TriploblasticPossessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.
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