AP WORLD HISTORY
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AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET
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AP WORLD HISTORY
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AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET
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AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET
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greek gods
gods/goddesses for quiz on monday :)
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| 17131105 | Zeus | king of gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, thunder, and justice | |
| 17131106 | Hera | queen of gods and of the heavens; goddess of women, marriage, and motherhood | |
| 17131107 | Poseidon | lord of the sea; god of the seas, earthquakes, created horses | |
| 17131108 | Demeter | goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons | |
| 17131109 | Hestia | goddess of the hearth and home | |
| 17131110 | Aphrodite | goddess of love, beauty, desire, and fertility | |
| 17131111 | Apollo | the sun god; god of light, healing, music, poetry, prophecy, archery and truth | |
| 17131112 | Ares | god of war, frenzy, hatred, and bloodshed | |
| 17131113 | Artemis | goddess of the hunt, of maidens, and the moon | |
| 17131114 | Athena | goddess of wisdom, crafts, and strategic battle | |
| 17131115 | Hephaestus | blacksmith to the gods; god of fire and the forges | |
| 17131116 | Hermes | messenger of the gods; god of commerce, speed, thieves, and trade |
AP Physics B: First Semester Review - Terms
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| 47449204 | Distance | the length of travel (units: meters[m]) | |
| 47449205 | Displacement | a change in position (units: meters[m]) | |
| 47449206 | Speed | distance over time (scalar) (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449207 | Velocity | displacement over time (vector = speed + direction) (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449208 | Average speed | total distance over time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449209 | Average velocity | net displacement over time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449210 | Instantaneous velocity | the velocity at an instance of time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449211 | Average acceleration | rate of change of velocity over time (vector) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²]) | |
| 47449212 | Deceleration | object with speed decreasing (velocity and acceleration have opposite signs) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²]) | |
| 47449213 | (D vs. T) Forward Motion | (D vs. T) slope: positive | |
| 47449214 | (D vs. T) Backward Motion | (D vs. T) slope: negative | |
| 47449215 | (D vs. T) Standing Still | (D vs. T) slope: zero | |
| 47449216 | (D vs. T) Constant Velocity | (D vs. T) constant slope (no acceleration) | |
| 47449217 | (D vs. T) Speeding Up | (D vs. T) slopes increasing | |
| 47449218 | (D vs. T) Slowing Down | (D vs. T) slopes decreasing | |
| 47449219 | (D vs. T) Instantaneous Velocity | (D vs. T) slope @ specific point | |
| 47449220 | (D vs. T) Average Velocity | (D vs. T) slope of secant line between two points | |
| 47449221 | (V vs. T) Forward Motion | (V vs. T) line is above t-axis | |
| 47449222 | (V vs. T) Backward Motion | (V vs. T) line is below t-axis | |
| 47449223 | (V vs. T) Standing Still | (V vs. T) line is @ t-axis [v=0] | |
| 47449224 | (V vs. T) Constant Velocity | (V vs. T) slope: zero | |
| 47449225 | (V vs. T) Speeding Up | (V vs. T) getting farther away from t-axis | |
| 47449226 | (V vs. T) Slowing Down | (V vs. T) getting closer to t-axis | |
| 47449227 | (V vs. T) Displacement | (V vs. T) area of the graph to the t-axis | |
| 47449228 | Acceleration due to gravity | 9.8 m/s² | |
| 47449229 | Free falling objects | move under the influence of gravity alone | |
| 47449230 | Scalar | a number with appropriate units (Ex: time & length) | |
| 47449231 | Vector | a quantity with both a magnitude and a direction (Ex: displacement, velocity, and acceleration) | |
| 47449232 | Projectile motion | the path of an object after it has been launched into the air | |
| 47449233 | Zero launch angle | a projectile launched horizontally from a point at height "h" and initial speed "v" | |
| 47449234 | Inertia | an object's resistance to a change in motion (object's like to keep doing what they're doing) | |
| 47449235 | Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) | if the net force on an object is zero, it's velocity is constant. | |
| 47449236 | Newton's Second Law | an object with mass "m" has an acceleration "a" given by the net force divided by "m". (F = ma) | |
| 47449237 | Force | a push or pull that causes acceleration (vector: magnitude and direction) (Unit: Newton [N]) | |
| 47449238 | Free body diagram | a sketch showing all external forces acting on an object (objects are depicted as uniform boxes) | |
| 47449239 | Friction | forces due to the microscopic roughness of surfaces in contact [opposite to motion, parallel to surface] | |
| 47449240 | Coefficient of Friction | represents the nature of surfaces | |
| 47449241 | Kinetic Friction | friction experienced by surfaces that are in contact and moving relative to one another | |
| 47449242 | Static Friction | friction experienced by surfaces that are in static contact (maximum must be overcome to get an object to slide) | |
| 47449243 | Static Friction | Which is greater, Static or Kinetic Friction? | |
| 47449244 | Inclined Forces | certain forces contain components (rotate coordinate system to parallel surface) | |
| 47449245 | Normal Force | force exerted by surface that is perpendicularto the surface | |
| 47449246 | Weight | gravitational force exerted by the earth on an object | |
| 47449247 | Apparent weight | force felt from contact with the floor or a a scale in an an acceleratin system | |
| 47449248 | Newton's Third Law | For every force that acts on an object, there is a reaction force acting on a different object that is equal in magnitude and acts in opposite direction. | |
| 47449249 | Law of action/reaction | forces always come in pairs - result of contact forces | |
| 47449250 | Uniform Circular Motion | objects moving in a circle with constant speed (acceleration results in a change of direction) | |
| 47449251 | Centripetal Force | the force applied to give an object it's circular motion (acts perpendicular to the motion) | |
| 47449252 | Tension in string & friction btw. tires and the road | What are two examples of centripetal forces? | |
| 47449253 | Inertia's relationship with Centripetal force | Inertia keeps the velocity vector constant, while the centripetal force acts perpendicular to the velocity vector and maintains a change in direction due to acceleration | |
| 47449254 | Vertical loop | a look that is in the vertical plane where the velocity is not necessairly constant | |
| 47449255 | Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation | The force of gravity between two point masses (every mass attracts other masses) | |
| 47449256 | Kepler's Laws | describe the motion of planets (consequence of newton's law of gravitation) | |
| 47449257 | Kepler's First Law | The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus | |
| 47449258 | Kepler's Second Law | Planets sweep out equal area in equal time | |
| 47449259 | Keper's Third Law | The period of a planet's orbit is propotional to the 3/2 power of its average distance from the sun. | |
| 47449260 | Work | Done whenever a force causes motion or a change in motion (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J]) | |
| 47449261 | Work - Energy Theorem | Total work is ewual to the change in energy (mainly kinetic energy) | |
| 47449262 | Energy | the ability to make an object move (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J]) | |
| 47449263 | Mechanical Energy | energy dealing with movement - sum of two types: Kinetic and Potential | |
| 47449264 | Potential Energy | stored energy based off of location - can be converted to kinetico or other forms of energy | |
| 47449265 | Conservation of Energy | Energy can be transferred but not created/destroyed | |
| 47449266 | Conservative Forces | conserve the mechanical energy of a system - path doesn't matter | |
| 47449267 | Nonconservative Forces | converts mechanical energy into other forms of energy an vice versa (path does matter - work cannot be stored) | |
| 47449268 | Power | rate at which work is done (Units: Watt [w]) | |
| 47449269 | Impulse | change in momentum (vector) (Unit: Kg m/s) | |
| 47449270 | Momentum | inertia in motion (vector) | |
| 47449271 | Conservation of Momentum | In the absence of an outside force, the total momentum will be conserved. | |
| 47449272 | Inelastic Collisions | Momntum is conserved but Kinetic Energy is not (usually lost) [majority - STICK] | |
| 47449273 | Elastic Collisions | Momentum and Kinetic Energy are both conserved [minority - DONT STICK] | |
| 47449274 | Rotational Inertia | An object's resistance to a change in rotation; the farther the mass is from the rotation point, the greater RI | |
| 47449275 | Torque | "rotational equivalent of force"; a force applied so as to cause an angular acceleration | |
| 47449276 | Translational Equilibrium | sum of all forces acting on an object is zero | |
| 47449277 | Rotational Equilibrium | sum of all torques acting on an object is zero | |
| 47449278 | Static Equilibrium | object at rest | |
| 47449279 | Center of Mass | an object balances when it is supported at its center of mass | |
| 47449280 | Fluid | any liquid or gas | |
| 47449281 | Density | mass over volume | |
| 47449282 | Specific Gravity | density of an object compared to the density of water | |
| 47449283 | Pressure | the amount of force perpendicular per area | |
| 47449284 | Atmospheric Pressure | the pressue exerted by the atmosphere | |
| 47449285 | Gauge Pressure | the difference between the actual pressure and the atmospheric pressure | |
| 47449286 | Pressure at a depth in fluids | the pressure of a fluid in static equilibrium increases with depth; all points at the same depth have the same pressure | |
| 47449287 | Pascal's Principle | An external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted unchanged to every point within the field | |
| 47449288 | Buoyant Force | The force a fluid exerts in a net upward direction | |
| 47449289 | Archimedes' Principle | An object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed upward by a force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object | |
| 47449290 | Fluid Flow | The speed of a fluid changes as the cross - sectional area of the pipe through which it flows changes | |
| 47449291 | Flow rate | volume of fluid that passes a particular point per time | |
| 47449292 | Bernoulli's equation | The net work done on a fluid is equal to the changes in kinetic and potential energy of the fluid in terms of quantities per volume | |
| 47449293 | Bernoulli's principle | Faster moving fluids produce lower pressures | |
| 47449294 | Thermodynamics | The study of physical processes involving the transfer of heat | |
| 47449295 | Heat | The energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference | |
| 47449296 | Thermal Contact | objects are in thermal contact if heat can flow between them | |
| 47449297 | Thermal Equilibrium | objects that are in thermal contact, but have no heat exchange between them | |
| 47449298 | Temperature | a measure of the concentration of an object's internal energy | |
| 47449299 | Celsius scale | water freezes @ 0 °C; water boils @ 100°C; absolute zero @ 273.15° | |
| 47449300 | Kelvin scale | water freezes @ 273.15K; water boils @ 373.15K; absolute zero @ 0K | |
| 47449301 | Internal Energy | the sum of all individual kinetic energies | |
| 47449302 | Thermal Expansion | most objects expand when heated | |
| 47449303 | Ideal gas | a simplified model of a gas where interactions between molecules are ignored | |
| 47449304 | Kinetic Molecular Theory | matter is made up of atoms which are in continual random motion which is related to temperature | |
| 47449305 | Heat Transfer | always goes from Hot to Cold | |
| 47449306 | Conduction | heat transfer by contact | |
| 47449307 | Convection | heat transfer by a fluid | |
| 47449308 | Radiation | heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation such as infrared rays and light | |
| 47449309 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | A statement of the conservation of energy including heat | |
| 47449310 | Isothermal process | the temperature is the same [T = constant, ΔT = 0; ΔU = 0, Q = -W] | |
| 47449311 | Adiabatic process | heat is equal to zero [ΔU = W] | |
| 47449312 | Isobaric (Isochoric) process | pressure is constant | |
| 47449313 | Isometric (Isovolumetric) process | volume is constant [W = 0, ΔU = Q] | |
| 47449314 | Total Process in P-V Diagram | ΔU = 0, ΔQ = W = + | |
| 47449315 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Spontaneous(natural) heat transfer always goes from hot to cold | |
| 47449316 | Heat Engine | uses heat to produce work; uses 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to produce work | |
| 47449317 | Thermal Efficiency | ratio of what we get to what we put in | |
| 47449318 | Carnot's Theorem | if an engine operating between two constant - temperature resevoirs is to have maximum efficiency, it must be an engine in which all processes are reversible | |
| 47449319 | Entropy | measure of disorder in a system; in the universe - positive | |
| 47449320 | Carnot Engine | "perfect cycle" - applicable in reversible engine | |
| 47449321 | Friction (charging) | the transfer of a charge by rubbing electrons of one object and putting it on another; occurs between insulators | |
| 47449322 | Conduction | charging a conductor by contact (no rubbing necessary) [complete transfer] | |
| 47449323 | Induction | charging through polarization without contact (seperates charges); neutral objects attract [movement of charges] | |
| 47449324 | Conductors | charges are free to move (form at points) | |
| 47449325 | Insulators | charges restricted as to movement (form evenly) | |
| 47449326 | Coulomb's Law | electric charges exert forces on one another along the line connecting them; like charges repel, opposite charges attract | |
| 47449327 | Charge | the quantity (scalar) of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) | |
| 47449328 | Electric Fields | the force per charge at a given location in space; points in the direction of a force experienced by a positive test charge (vector) | |
| 47449329 | Electric Field Lines | point in the direction of the electric field vector (away from positive, and towards negative) | |
| 47449330 | Parallel - Plate Capacitor | field is uniform | |
| 47449331 | Electric Potential Energy | the stored energy a charge has based on it's location in an electric field; work is done whenever an object moves with/against the field | |
| 47449332 | Electric Potential (Voltage) | a measure of the energy/charge | |
| 47449333 | Equipotential Lines | lines that show the same potential; lines are dotted and perpendicular to the electric field lines |
AP WORLD HISTORY - STUDY SET
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Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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| 38728525 | organic chemistry | the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds | |
| 38728526 | vitalism | the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws | |
| 38728527 | mechanism | the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life | |
| 38728528 | hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen; atoms of hydrogen are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available; not present in living organisms, but cells' organic molecules have regions that contain these | |
| 38728529 | isomers | compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and therefore different properties | |
| 38728530 | geometric isomer | an isomer in which there are identical covalent partnerships, but they differ in spatial arrangements; differences arise from flexibility of single bonds | |
| 38728531 | structural isomer | an isomer in which there are different covalent arrangements of atoms; location of double bonds can differ | |
| 38728532 | enantiomer | isomers that are mirror images of each other; cannot be rearranged because of bonding or shape | |
| 38728533 | functional groups | important chemical groups that affect a molecule's shape and the chemical reactions of a molecule |
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
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| 33476647 | matter | anything that takes up space and has mass | |
| 33476648 | element | a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | |
| 33476649 | 92 | How many elements occur in nature? | |
| 33476650 | compound | a chemical substance that consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio | |
| 33476651 | 25 | How many elements are essential for life? | |
| 33476652 | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen | Ninety-six percent of all the matter in living organisms is composed of what four elements? (alphabetical order) | |
| 33476653 | trace element | elements required by an organism in minute quantities; examples in humans are boron and iodine | |
| 33476654 | proton | electric charge = 1+, location in atom=nucleus, mass in Daltons ~ 1 | |
| 33476655 | neutron | electric charge = neutral, location in atom=nucleus, mass in Daltons ~ 1 | |
| 33476656 | electron | electric charge = 1-, location in atom = electron cloud (around nucleus), mass in Daltons ~ 1/2000 | |
| 33476657 | proton | Which type of subatomic particle must be the same in number for all atoms of the same element? | |
| 33476658 | atomic number | the number of protons contained in the nuclei of all atoms of a particular element | |
| 33476659 | mass number | a number representative of the sum of the protons plus neutrons in an atom's nucleus | |
| 33476660 | isotopes | different atomic forms of an element that have more neutrons, and therefore a greater mass, than other atoms of the same element | |
| 33476661 | non-radioactive isotopes | type of isotope that reacts only when combined with atoms of another element | |
| 33476662 | radioactive isotopes | type of isotope have spontaneously-decaying nuclei, allowing for the constant release of particles and energy | |
| 33476663 | radioactive isotopes | uses of these include: 1) tracers to follow atoms through metabolism or other chemical processes within an organism; 2) used as tracers in diagnostic methods by injecting them into blood and measuring amount of tracer later excreted; 3) used to determine date/age of fossils | |
| 33476664 | electrons | Which subatomic particles are directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms? | |
| 33476665 | farther away | Which has more potential energy, an electron close to the nucleus or one farther away? | |
| 33476666 | releases energy | If an electron falls from a higher shell to a lower one, does the electron absorb energy or release energy? | |
| 33476667 | outermost | How an atom behaves chemically mostly depends on the number of electrons in the atom's ____________ shell. | |
| 33476668 | orbital | the three-dimensional space in which an electron is found 90% of the time | |
| 33476669 | chemical bond | an attraction that exists between atoms after they either share or transfer their valence electrons | |
| 33476670 | covalent bond | the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms; considered a strong bond in biology | |
| 33476671 | ionic bond | the attraction that exists between opposing (positive and negative) charges within the atom | |
| 33476672 | molecule | the composition that results from two or more atoms being held together by a covalent bond | |
| 33476673 | single covalent bond | type of bond that exists when two atoms share a pair of electrons; weakest form of this type of bond | |
| 33476674 | double covalent bond | type of bond that exists when two atoms share two pairs of electrons; second strongest form of this type of bond | |
| 33476675 | triple covalent bond | type of bond that exists when two atoms share three pairs of electrons; strongest form of this type of bond | |
| 33476676 | structural formula | diagram that illustrates the pairing and sharing of electrons between two atoms | |
| 33476677 | molecular formula | diagram that demonstrates the number of atoms within a given molecule | |
| 33476678 | electronegativity | the attraction that exists between a particular type of atom because of the electrons involved in a covalent bond | |
| 33476679 | nonpolar covalent bond | in this type of bond, the electrons are shared equally between two atoms | |
| 33476680 | polar covalent bond | in this type of bond, the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms | |
| 33476681 | ion | a charged atom or molecule | |
| 33476682 | cation | a positively charged ion | |
| 33476683 | anion | a negatively charged ion | |
| 33476684 | hydrogen bond | the type of bond that is formed when a hydrogen atom that is already bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom | |
| 33476685 | van der Waal bonds | the type of bonding that occurs when atoms and molecules are close in proximity, and are the result of constantly changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable them to stick together | |
| 33476686 | tetrahedron | shape of molecule that results from 4 bonded atoms | |
| 33476687 | bent, pyramid | shapes of molecule that results from 3 bonded atoms | |
| 33476688 | linear | shape of molecule that results from 2 bonded atoms | |
| 33476689 | chemical equilibrium | the point at which the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical reaction offset each other, thus diminishing their effects on the reactants involved |
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