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River Valley Civilizations Flashcards

This is a briefing of some important facts on the River Valley Civilizations for a 9th grade global studies test. (Tuesday) It is based on the Prentice Hall World History Textbook.

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231909553subcontinenta large landmass that juts out from the continent
231909554monsoonseasonal winds that regularly blow from a certain direction for part of the year
231909555Two Indus City CapitalsMohenjo-Daro and Harappa
231909556Vedasa collection of hymns, chants, rituals, and religious teachings that Aryan priests memorized and recited. these help us know about Indian civilization.
231909557acculturationblending of two or more cultures
231909558Indrathe Aryan (Indian) god of war
231909559brahmana single spiritual power existing beyond the many Vedas gods; a religious idea
231909560Two Indian Epicsthe Mahabharata and the Ramayana
231909561What did Indus people work?farming and trading
231909562What evidence shows that the Indus civilization had a well-organized government?-laid out in organized patterns, with main streets, etc -houses were built with mud bricks -houses had complex plumbing systems -used a uniform system of weights and measures
231909563Aryansnomads intermarried with local Indian people
231909564How did Aryans structure their society?-highest was the Brahmins, or priests -next was the warriors -next was the herders, farmers, artisans, merchants -fourth was farmworkers, servants, and other laborers -fifth was people that did work that others didn't want to; considered outside the system
233492256Fertile Crescenta region in the Middle East named for its rich soils and wheat became a place of early civilization
233492257Mesopotamiathe area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
233492258Sumersoutheastern Mesopotamia the region of the world's first ever civilization
233492259The Epic of Gilgameshnarrative poem, first told orally in Sumer tells of floods that destroyed the world
233492260hierarchysystem of ranking groups
233492261ziggurata large, steep platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to the city's chief god or goddess
233492262cuneiformearliest known writing pictographs, written on tablets
233492263Sumerian accomplishmentsastronomy, mathematics number system, hours, time
233492264Sargonthe ruler of Akkad invaded and conquered Sumer, and built the first empire ever
233492265Hammurabiking of Babylon brought much of Mesopotamia under the control of his empire
233492266codifyarrange and set down in writing
233492267civil lawdeals with private rights and matters, like taxes, marriage, etc.
233492268criminal lawdeals with offenses against others (robbery, assault, murder, etc.) "an eye for an eye"
233492269NebuchadnezzarSecond king of Babylon reestablished the empire of Babylon
233492270barter and money economybarter- trade economy money- tokens are used as payment
233492271ZoroasterPersian thinker Helped to unite the empire
233492272Six Characteristics of Civilization in SumerRecord-Keeping Advanced Cities Specialization Complex Institutions Advanced Technology
233492273Assyriana very warlike culture feared warriors
233492274Darius IUnified Persian empire
233492275AkkadSumer conquered the Sumer and established the Akkadian empire
233492276Babylonian EmpireSecond empire, after Sumer Hammurabi
233492277patriciana wealthy landowner
233492278plebianan ordinary commoner
234241592What steps had Sumerian civilization take shape?Complex Government Unfolds Sumerians Structure their Society (hierarchy) Sumerians Practice Religion Sumerians Invent Writing
234241593Who built the first empire in Mesopotamia?Sargon
234241594Who were the three main rulers in Mesopotamian civilization?Sargon Hammurabi Nebuchadnezzar
234241595What technology did the Hittites try to keep secret in Mesopotamia?iron-working
234241596Who were the Assyrians?The Assyrians were great warriors with a fierce reputation.
234241597Order of Mesopotamian Rulers & What They Did-Sargon -conquered the city-states of Sumer; died -Hammurabi -brought Sumer into his empire; created Hammurabi's Code -Assurbanipal -king of the Assyrians -Nabpolassar -king who reestablished Babylon -Nebuchadnezzar -ruthless second king of Babylon
234250813What caused Babylon to fall?The Persian armies of Cyrus the great caused this to fall
234250814Who accomplished the real unification of the Persian empire?Darius I
234258962Effects of the Nile on EgyptPeople had to build irrigation systems, etc. The yearly flood provided water and rich silt
234258963The Old KingdomThe first era of Egypt Ruled by pharaohs Built the Great Pyramids
234258964BureaucracyA system of government that includes different levels of authority
234258965VizierChief minister; the pharaohs depended on them
234258966The Middle Kingdoma more turbulent time period Hyksos came to take over
234258967New Kingdoman era of powerful leaders
234258968HatshepshutEgypt's first female ruler
234258969Thutmose IIIStepson of Hatshepshut Stretched Egypt's borders
234258970Ramses IIExpanded Egypt's borders even further Lead Egypt in fierce battles against the Hittites of Asia Minor
234258971Amon-ReEgyptian God
234258972Osiris, IsisEgyptian gods of death
234258973AkhenatonA pharaoh who tried to challenge the priests of Amon-Re
234340262monotheisticbelieving there was only one God (Israelites believed this)
234340263loessfine windblown yellow soil
234340264What barriers set China apart?Tian Mountains & Himalayas to the west Thick rainforests to the south North was the Gobi desert East was the Pacific Ocean
234340265What was the River of Sorrows?Also known as the Huang River, this river needed to be dammed and repaired constantly. If the dikes broke, floodwaters could destroy crops and cause mass starvation
234340266Shang Dynastyfirst Chinese dynasty
234340267the Mandate of Heaventhe divine right to rule; the dynastic cycle
234340268Feudalismlocal lords governed their own lands but owed military service to the ruler
234340269Oracle bonesShang priests wrote questions addressed to the gods or spirits
234340270Characterswritten symbols
234340271Calligraphyelegant Chinese writing form
234340272Important Terms of Sumer-Fertile Crescent, in Mesopotamia -World's first major civilization -Epic of Gilgamesh -Hierarchy, ziggurat, cuneiform -built with clay bricks
234340273Mesopotamian Rulers-Sargon -conquered the city-states of Sumer; died -Hammurabi -brought Sumer into his empire; created Hammurabi's Code -Assurbanipal -king of the Assyrians -Nabpolassar -king who reestablished Babylon -Nebuchadnezzar -ruthless second king of Babylon
234340274Persian Timeline-Babylon fell to the armies of Cyrus the Great -Darius I unified it -thinker thinker Zoroaster helped unite the empire; invented one God
234340275Describe the Indus- subcontinent -plateaus, monsoons -Well-planned cities arose, and people lived by farming & trading -Religious beliefs developed (polytheism) -finally the civilization declined
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Map Quiz Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
34607345Lines of LongitudeImaginary lines running north and south and measuring locations east and west of the prime meridian
34607346globeA model of the earth.
34607347equatorAn imaginary line that goes around the middle of the earth. It is located halfway between the North and South poles.
34607348intermediate directionsNortheast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest.
34607349cardinal directionsNorth, East, South, West.
34607350mapA flat picture of the earth or a drawing of a real place.
34607351oceanA very large body of salt water.
34607352Lines of LatitudeImaginary lines running east and west and measuring locations north and south of the equator.
34607353continentA very large body of land.
34607354HemisphereIs half of a sphere. Earth is divided into four hemispheres.
34607355scaleA measured line on maps that helps us measure the distance from one place to another.
34607356Prime MeridianAn imaginary line that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. It runs from the North Pole to the South Pole.
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Spanish 1 Vocabulary Flashcards Flashcards

Spanish 1 8:30 AM MCI Class with Mrs. Garay. Browse flashcards and add some of your own, and feel free to share this account with anyone who is in our class!

Terms : Hide Images
207465397How do you say...?¿Como se dice...?
207465398How do you pronounce...?¿Como se pronuncia...?
207465399How do you write...?¿Como se escribe...?
207465400How do you translate...?¿Como se traduce...?
207465401What does it mean?¿Que significa...
207465402I don't know.(Yo) no se.
207465403I don't understand.(Yo) no comprendo.
207465404I can't.(Yo) no puedo.
207465405I don't remember.(Yo) no recuerdo.
207465406I forgot.Se me olvido.
207465407What?Como?
207465408Wait a moment!Un momento!
207465409Slower!Mas despacio!
207465410Repeat!Repita!
207465411Again!Otra vez!
207465412Please.Por favor.
207465413Thank you.Gracias.
207465414You're welcome.De nada.
207465415Excuse me.Dispense usted.
207465416Excuse me! I'm sorry!Perdon. Lo siento.
207465417Yes/no.Si/no.
207465418All right.Esta bien.
207465419Never mind.No importa.
207465420Perhaps.Quiza.
207465421It depends.Depende.
207465422Good morning, Mr....Buenos dias, Senor....
207465423Good afternoon, Mrs....Buenas tardes, Senora....
207465424Good evening, Miss....Buenas noches, Senorita....
207465425Hi!Hola!
207465426Hey!Oye!
207465427How are you?Como esta usted?
207465428How is your father?Como esta su padre?
207465429How is your mother?Como esta su madre?
207465430How is your family?Como esta su familia?
207465431What's new?Que hay de nuevo?
207465432Very fine.Muy bien.
207465433So-so.Asi-asi.
207465434Ill.Mal.
207465435Better.Mejor.
207465436Nothing much.Nada de particular.
207465437What's your name?Como se llama usted?
207465438What's your father's name?Como se llama su padre?
207465439What's your mother's name?Como se llama su madre?
207465440What's your friend's name?Como se llama su amigo(a)?
207465441It's a pleasure.Mucho gusto.
207465442My name is....Me llamo....
207465443His name is....Se llama....
207465444Her name is....Se llama....
207465445His (her) name is....Se llama....
207465446The pleasure is mine.El gusto es mio.
207465447Goodbye.Adios.
207465448Until tomorrow.Hasta manana.
207465449Until then.Hasta luego.
207465450Until we see (again).Hasta la vista.
207465451Excuse me.Con permiso.
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Full Ssat vocabulary list Flashcards

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2882089abase(v.) - to lower, demean, degrade
2882090abate(v.) - to lessen, to reduce in severity
2882091abbreviate(v.) - to shorten, reduce
2882092abduct(v.) - to kidnap
2882093aberration(n.) - a deviation from the expected course
2882094abhor(v.) - to hate, loathe
2882095abide(v.) - to put up with, tolerate
2882096abject(adj.) - of the most miserable or contemptible kind
2882097abort(v.) - to give up unfinished
2882098abridge(v.) - to shorten, cut down
2882099abrogate(v.) - to abolish, often by authority
2882100abscond(v.) - to sneak away and hide
2882101abundant(adj.) - in great numbers
2882102accede(v.) - to agree
2882103accentuate(v.) - to emphasize, to highlight
2882104accommodating(adj.) - obliging, helpful
2882105accost(v.) - to approach or confront aggressively
2882106acumen(n.) - keen insight
2882107acute(adj.) - sharp, severe
2882108affable(adj.) - friendly, amiable
2882109affluent(adj.) - rich, wealthy
2882110aggrandize(v.) - to increase or make greater
2882111aggregate(v.) - to gather, amass
2882112aghast(adj.) - struck by amazement or terror
2882113agoraphobia(n.) - an abnormal fear of open or public places
2882114akimbo(adj.) - with hands on hips and elbows extending outward
2882115alacrity(n.) - speed, readiness
2882116algid(adj.) - frigid, cold
2882117allay(v.) - to sooth, assuage
2882118alleviate(v.) - to relieve
2882119aloof(adj.) - reserved, distant
2882120altercation(n.) - an argument, dispute
2882121amalgamation(n.) - a union, a merger
2882122ambivalent(adj.) - having contradictory feelings
2882123amble(v.) - to stroll, walk
2882124ameliorate(v.) - to improve, to make better
2882125amend(v.) - to change for the better, improve
2882126amiable(adj.) - friendly, affable
2882127amorous(adj.) - relating to or showing love
2882128amorphous(adj.) - without shape or borders
2882129anomaly(n.) - something that does not fit into the normal order
2882130antechamber(n.) - a waiting room
2882131anxiety(n.) - uneasiness
2882132aphorism(n.) - a short saying
2882133apocalypse(n.) - total devastation, the end of the world
2882134apparitional(adj.) - ghostly, spectral
2882135arbitrator(n.) - one who settles controversy between two sides
2882136ascetic(n.) - one who practices restraint as a means of self-discipline, usually religious
2882137assuage(v.) - to ease, pacify
2882138atone(v.) - to apologize, make amends
2882139audacious(adj.) - excessively bold
2882140augment(v.) - to increase or make larger
2882141austere(adj.) - very bare, bleak, simple
2882142baleful(adj.) - harmful, threatening
2882143bard(n.) - a poet, often a singer as well
2882144battery(n.) - an assault or an array of similar things intended for use together
2882145belligerent(adj.) - contentious, ready to fight
2882146benevolent(adj.) - kind, good, caring
2882147benign(adj.) - non-threatening, innocuous
2882148berate(v.) - to scold severely
2882149bereft(adj.) - without, devoid of
2882150bide(v.) - to wait, or remain in a condition
2882151bilk(v.) - to cheat, to swindle
2882152blandish(v.) - to coax through flattery
2882153bloated(adj.) - swollen, bigger than desired
2882154boisterous(adj.) - loud, energetic
2882155bourgeois(adj.) - middle class
2882156brash(adj.) - hasty or lacking in sensitivity
2882157brazen(adj.) - excessively bold, brash
2882158brumal(adj.) - wintry, relating to winter
2882159brusque(adj.) - short, abrupt, dismissive
2882160buffet(n.) - a spread of food involving choices
2882161buffet(v.) - to hit or strike
2882162burgeon(v.) - to come forth, blossom
2882163cacophony(n.) - noise, discordant sound
2882164cadence(n.) - rhythm
2882165cajole(v.) - to urge, coax
2882166callous(adj.) - harsh, cold, unfeeling
2882167calumny(n.) - an attempt to defame another's reputation
2882168camaraderie(n.) - cheerful unity among a group
2882169canvas(n.) - a piece of cloth on which an artist paints
2882170capricious(adj.) - impulsive, unpredictable, subject to whim
2882171captivate(v.) - to hold the interest of, to gain the attention of
2882172carouse(v.) - to revel, to party
2882173cavity(n.) - a hole
2882174cavort(v.) - to frolic, leap, prance
2882175celestial(adj.) - relating to the sky or the heavens
2882176chastise(v.) - to criticize, to scold
2882177choreographed(adj.) - arranged, as in dance
2882178circumlocution(n.) - indirect language
2882179circumspect(adj.) - cautious
2882180clairvoyant(adj.) - able to see things that others cannot
2882181claustrophobia(n.) - an abnormal fear of closed or crowded spaces
2882182cliché(n.) - a trite, overused expression
2882183coalesce(v.) - to combine into one
2882184cogent(adj.) - intelligent, viable
2882185collusion(n.) - a conspiracy, a secret agreement
2882186colossus(n.) - an enormous structure
2882187comatose(adj.) - lethargic
2882188commendable(adj.) - worthy of praise
2882189commodious(adj.) - spacious, roomy
2882190compel(v.) - to force
2882191complicit(adj.) - being an accomplice in a wrongful act
2882192compliment(n.) - an expression of esteem or approval
2882193concede(v.) - to give in, to accept
2882194conciliatory(adj.) - agreeable, friendly
2882195concoct(v.) - to make up or invent
2882196concord(n.) - agreement
2882197conduit(n.) - a pipe, passage, channel
2882198confluence(n.) - a convergence, a coming together
2882199confound(v.) - to frustrate
2882200connotation(n.) - a meaning or association suggested by a word beyond its definition
2882201contusion(n.) - bruise, injury
2882202convalescence(n.) - the gradual return to health after illness
2882203copious(adj.) - abundant, plentiful
2882204corpulent(adj.) - very fat
2882205cosmopolitan(adj.) - worldly, sophisticated
2882206credulity(n.) - readiness to believe
2882207cursory(adj.) - brief to the point of being superficial
2882208daft(adj.) - insane, foolish
2882209daunting(adj.) - intimidating
2882210dearth(n.) - a lack, scarcity
2882211defame(v.) - to destroy the reputation of
2882212deft(adj.) - skilled, adept
2882213defunct(adj.) - no longer used or existing
2882214deleterious(adj.) - harmful
2882215delude(v.) - to deceive, to mislead
2882216deluge(n.) - a great flood or something that overwhelms like a flood
2882217derelict(adj.) - run-down, abandoned
2882218desolate(adj.) - deserted, lifeless
2882219despondent(adj.) - discouraged, hopeless, depressed
2882220destitute(adj.) - impoverished
2882221diaphanous(adj.) - transparent, light, airy
2882222dictate(v.) - to pronounce, command, prescribe
2882223differentiate(v.) - to distinguish, to make different
2882224dilapidated(adj.) - in a state of disrepair
2882225diligent(adj.) - careful, showing care
2882226diminish(v.) - to decrease or make smaller
2882227diminutive(adj.) - miniature, small
2882228discreet(adj.) - prudent or inconspicuous
2882229discrete(adj.) - separate, distinct, individual
2882230disparage(v.) - to criticize, degrade, belittle
2882231dissonance(n.) - lack of harmony or agreement
2882232divergent(adj.) - different, deviating, contrary
2882233diverse(adj.) - varied
2882234divisive(adj.) - causing conflict, opposition
2882235domicile(n.) - a residence, a home
2882236doppelganger(n.) - a ghostly double of a living person
2882237douse(v.) - to drench, saturate
2882238dutiful(adj.) - careful to fulfill obligations
2882239dynamic(adj.) - characterized by continuous change or activity
2882240elocution(n.) - the art of public speaking
2882241elucidate(v.) - to clarify
2882242empathetic(adj.) - feeling another's pain as one's own
2882243empathy(n.) - the experience of another's feelings as one's own
2882244enervate(v.) - to weaken, make weary
2882245enervated(adj.) - lacking energy, weakened, exhausted
2882246entity(n.) - something that exists as a discrete unit
2882247entomology(n.) - the study of insects
2882248envious(adj.) - jealous
2882249erect(v.) - to construct, to raise
2882250erroneous(adj.) - mistaken, incorrect
2882251espouse(v.) - to support, or to marry
2882252espy(v.)- - catch sight of, glimpse
2882253ethereal(adj.) - heavenly, exceptionally delicate or refined
2882254euphoric(adj.) - elated, overjoyed
2882255exacerbate(v.) - to make more violent, intense
2882256excursion(n.) - a trip, an outing
2882257exemplary(adj.) - serving as an example
2882258exigent(adj.) - critical, urgent
2882259existential(adj.) - relating to existence
2882260exorbitant(adj.) - excessive
2882261extol(v.) - to praise
2882262extravagant(adj.) - excessive, over-the-top
2882263fabricate(v.) - to invent, make-up, concoct
2882264fabulist(n.) - a teller of fables; a liar
2882265facile(adj.) - easy
2882266fallacious(adj.) - incorrect, misleading
2882267familial(adj.) - relating to family
2882268fatuous(adj.) - silly, foolish
2882269fecund(adj.) - fertile, fruitful
2882270feign(v.) - to fake or pretend to
2882271feral(adj.) - savage, wild, untamed
2882272fetter(v.) - to restrain, chain, tie
2882273fey(adj.) - magical
2882274fickle(adj.) - characterized by changeableness, whimsical
2882275figurative(adj.) - symbolic
2882276firmament(n.) - the sky, the heavens
2882277flabbergasted(adj.) - astounded, stupefied
2882278flaccid(adj.) - limp
2882279flattery(n.) - compliments, sycophancy
2882280flout(v.) - to scorn, ignore, show contempt for
2882281fluctuate(v.) - to vary irregularly
2882282flux(n.) - a state of constant change or a flow
2882283forage(v.) - to rummage, scavenge, graze for food
2882284forestall(v.) - to delay, impede
2882285forlorn(adj.) - lonely, hopeless
2882286formidable(adj.) - arousing fear or alarm
2882287forsake(v.) - to abandon, forget
2882288fortify(v.) - to strengthen
2882289fortitude(n.) - strength, bravery
2882290fortuitous(adj.) - lucky, occurring by chance
2882291foster(v.) - to stimulate, promote, encourage
2882292frenetic(adj.) - frenzied, hectic, frantic
2882293gape(v.) - to open the mouth and stare stupidly
2882294gay(adj.) - happy, cheery, or homosexual
2882295gluttonous(adj.) - insatiable in appetite
2882296goad(v.) - to urge, to provoke into action
2882297gourmand(n.) - one who likes eating and drinking
2882298grandiose(adj.) - extraordinary, grand in scope
2882299gregarious(adj.) - sociable, outgoing
2882300grotto(n.) - a small cave or cavern
2882301guile(n.) - deceitful actions or behavior
2882302hail(v.) - to come from
2882303hapless(adj.) - unlucky
2882304harmony(n.) - agreement, often of sound
2882305harrowing(adj.) - agonizing, distressing
2882306hedonist(n.) - one whose primary pursuit is pleasure
2882307henchman(n.) - a trusted follower, goon
2882308hiatus(n.) - an interruption in continuity, a break
2882309hiemal(adj.) - wintry, relating to winter
2882310hierarchy(n.) - a ranking system of groups or individuals
2882311histrionic(adj.) - excessively dramatic or emotional
2882312idolatrous(adj.) - worshiping excessively an object or person
2882313illusory(adj.) - deceptive, produced by an illusion
2882314immaculate(adj.) - impeccably clean, spotless, pure
2882315immutable(adj.) - not susceptible to change
2882316impecunious(adj.) - excessively poor
2882317impervious(adj.) - unable to be penetrated, unaffected
2882318impudent(adj.) - rude, improper
2882319incessant(adj.) - without interruption
2882320incisive(adj.) - clear, sharp, direct
2882321inclement(adj.) - stormy, bad, severe
2882322inclination(n.) - a tendency, propensity
2882323indictment(n.) - accusation of wrongdoing
2882324indignation(n.) - anger due to an unfair situation
2882325inextricable(adj.) - hopelessly confused or tangled
2882326infuse(v.) - to inject
2882327ingenious(adj.) - marked by special intelligence
2882328inimical(adj.) - hostile, threatening
2882329iniquity(n.) - a wicked act, a sin
2882330innate(adj.) - inborn, native, inherent
2882331innocuous(adj.) - harmless
2882332inquisitor(n.) - someone who asks questions or makes an inquiry
2882333inundate(v.) - to flood
2882334invariable(adj.) - not susceptible to change
2882335invective(n.) - a verbal attack
2882336inveterate(adj.) - habitual, natural
2882337irascible(adj.) - easily angered
2882338jubilant(adj.) - joyful, happy
2882339judicious(adj.) - of sound judgment
2882340juvenile(adj.) - young or immature
2882341juxtapose(v.) - to put next to each other
2882342labyrinthine(adj.) - intricate, maze-like
2882343laceration(n.) - a cut, a rip
2882344lachrymose(adj.) - tearful
2882345latent(adj.) - present but hidden
2882346laud(v.) - to applaud or praise
2882347laudatory(adj.) - admiring, praising
2882348lavish(adj.) - extravagant
2882349lethargic(adj.) - sluggish, weary, apathetic
2882350lewd(adj.) - vulgar, offensive, rude
2882351libel(n.) - a statement that gives an unjust or unfavorable representation of a person or thing
2882352licentious(adj.) - amoral, lawless, lewd
2882353limber(adj.) - bending or flexing readily, pliable
2882354limpid(adj.) - clear, easily understood
2882355linchpin(n.) - something that holds separate things together
2882356lithe(adj.) - graceful, flexible, supple
2882357loquacious(adj.) - talkative
2882358lull(n.) - a relatively calm interval, as in a storm
2882359luminescence(n.) - light from non-thermal sources
2882360magnanimous(adj.) - generous, noble
2882361malaise(n.) - vague feeling of discomfort
2882362malevolent(adj.) - having intent to harm others
2882363malicious(adj.) - malevolent, harmful
2882364malign(v.) - to slander, to smear, to libel, to defame, to speak evil of
2882365malleable(adj.) - easily shaped or formed
2882366mandatory(adj.) - required, not optional
2882367manifest(v.) - to show clearly
2882368manifold(adj.) - many
2882369masticate(v.) - to chew
2882370matrimony(n.) - marriage
2882371maudlin(adj.) - sentimental
2882372maxim(n.) - a common saying of advice or virtue
2882373meager(adj.) - lacking in quality stature
2882374mediate(v.) - to intervene, to arbitrate, to sort out
2882375melodramatic(adj.) - exaggeratedly emotional or sentimental; histrionic
2882376mendacious(adj.) - inclined to lie or mislead
2882377mercurial(adj.) - quick and changeable in temperament
2882378meritorious(adj.) - deserving of praise or merit
2882379metamorphosis(n.) - a change of form, shape, substance
2882380mimic(v.) - to imitate, to copy
2882381misogyny(n.) - hatred of women
2882382modicum(n.) - a small amount of something
2882383mollify(v.) - to soften in temper
2882384monogamy(n.) - having only one spouse at a time
2882385mores(n.) - moral attitudes
2882386morose(adj.) - gloomy or sullen
2882387munificent(adj.) - generous, benevolent
2882388mutability(n.) - capability of change
2882389myopic(adj.) - short-sighted
2882390myriad(adj.) - consisting of a very great number
2882391narrate(v.) - to tell a story
2882392nebulous(adj.) - indistinct, hazy
2882393nefarious(adj.) - horribly villainous
2882394neologism(n.) - the creation of new words, or a new word
2882395neonate(n.) - a newborn baby
2882396noisome(adj.) - foul, offensive, particularly to the sense of smell
2882397notoriety(n.) - infamy, known in bad regard
2882398novel(adj.) - strikingly new, unusual, or different
2882399noxious(adj.) - harmful, toxic
2882400obdurate(adj.) - unyielding to persuasion or moral influences
2882401obfuscate(v.) - to render incomprehensible
2882402obsequious(adj.) - excessively compliant or submissive
2882403odious(adj.) - meriting strong displeasure
2882404officious(adj.) - offering unwanted help or service
2882405olfactory(adj.) - relating to the sense of smell
2882406ominous(adj.) - foreboding or foreshadowing evil, portentous
2882407oration(n.) - a dignified and formal speech
2882408ostracize(v.) - to exclude from a community
2882409pacify(v.) - to sooth, ease
2882410paragon(n.) - model of perfection
2882411pariah(n.) - an outcast
2882412parody(n.) - a satirical imitation
2882413patent(adj.) - clear, apparent
2882414pedagogue(n.) - a schoolteacher
2882415pellucid(adj.) - clear
2882416penchant(n.) - a tendency, partiality, preference
2882417peregrinate(v.) - to travel from place to place on foot
2882418perfunctory(adj.) - showing little enthusiasm, done as duty
2882419permeate(v.) - to spread out, to pervade
2882420persevere(v.) - to persist, remain constant
2882421pertinacious(adj.) - stubbornly persistent, holding to a belief or position
2882422peruse(v.) - to examine carefully
2882423pervasive(adj.) - to spread throughout
2882424petulance(n.) - irritability, impoliteness
2882425physiognomy(n.) - the art of judging human character from facial features
2882426pique(v.) - to provoke or to cause indignation
2882427pithy(adj.) - succinctly meaningful
2882428pittance(n.)- - very small amount
2882429placate(v.) - to soothe, appease
2882430placid(adj.) - calm, tranquil
2882431plethora(n.) - a great number, an abundance
2882432pliable(adj.) - flexible, bendable
2882433poach(v.) - to hunt or fish illegally
2882434poised(adj.) - balanced, readied
2882435polygamy(n.) - having more than one spouse at a time
2882436portentous(adj.) - foreboding or foreshadowing evil, ominous
2882437portly(adj.) - fat, chubby, round
2882438precarious(adj.) - dangerously lacking in security or stability
2882439predestination(n.) - the concept of destiny or fate
2882440premonition(n.) - a presentiment of the future
2882441preponderance(n.) - a great amount or frequency
2882442presage(n.) - an omen
2882443prestidigitation(n.) - a sleight of hand
2882444presumptuous(adj.) - disrespectfully bold
2882445profane(adj.) - indecent, blasphemous
2882446profuse(adj.) - abundant, lavish, prolific
2882447propensity(n.) - an inclination, preference
2882448propriety(n.) - decency, state of being proper
2882449protean(adj.) - readily taking on various shapes or forms
2882450prudent(adj.) - cautious, careful
2882451puerile(adj.) - immature
2882452pugnacious(adj.) - belligerent
2882453pulchritude(n.) - physical beauty
2882454punctilious(adj.) - eager to follow rules
2882455pungent(adj.) - having a sharp, strong quality especially related to smell
2882456purport(v.) - to present an intention that is often FALSE
2882457putrid(adj.) - rotten, rancid, foul
2882458quaint(adj.) - old-fashioned
2882459quidpro - (n., latin) - a mutually beneficial exchange
2882460quotidian(adj.) - daily, everyday
2882461radiant(adj.) - bright, beaming
2882462rancid(adj.) - rotten, spoiled, disgusting in smell or taste
2882463ratiocinate(v.) - to think, contemplate
2882464raze(v.) - to demolish
2882465recalcitrant(adj.) - defiant
2882466recalibrate(v.) - to readjust or make corrections to
2882467recapitulate(v.) - to repeat, reiterate
2882468rectify(v.) - to set right, correct
2882469redact(v.) - to revise, edit
2882470redoubtable(adj.) - formidable, commanding respect
2882471redress(v.) - to set right or remedy
2882472reel(v.) - to be thrown off balance or feel dizzy
2882473refrain(v.) - to hold oneself back, forbear
2882474reiterate(v.) - to repeat
2882475relish(v.) - to take zestful pleasure in, enjoy the flavor of
2882476remiss(adj.) - negligent, exhibiting carelessness
2882477render(v.) - to say, or to make
2882478renovate(v.) - to restore, return to original state
2882479repose(n.) - rest, sleep
2882480reprehensible(adj.) - deserving criticism
2882481repudiate(v.) - to reject, turn down
2882482repulse(v.) - to cause disgust or distaste, or to drive back, repel
2882483requisition(n.) - a demand for goods, often by an authority
2882484restitution(n.) - compensation, reimbursement
2882485retaliation(n.) - revenge, punishment
2882486retract(v.) - withdraw
2882487retribution(n.) - vengeance, revenge, payback
2882488revel(v.) - to enjoy
2882489rife(adj.) - abundant
2882490ruddy(adj.) - having a healthy, reddish color
2882491ruse(n.) - a trick
2882492rustic(adj.) - relating to country life
2882493saccharine(adj.) - overly sweet
2882494sacrosanct(adj.) - sacred, holy
2882495sagacious(adj.) - shrewd, showing sound judgment
2882496salient(adj.) - significant, conspicuous
2882497salutation(n.) - a greeting
2882498sanguine(adj.) - cheery, optimistic, hopeful
2882499sate(v.) - to satisfy (an appetite) fully.
2882500satiate(v.) - to satisfy excessively
2882501savor(v.) - to appreciate fully, enjoy
2882502scathing(adj.) - hurtful, critical
2882503scourge(n.) - a plague
2882504scurrilous(adj.) - crude, vulgar
2882505sedate(v.) - to calm, soothe
2882506sedentary(adj.) - sitting
2882507seer(n.) - a fortune teller
2882508seminal(adj.) - original, ground-breaking
2882509serendipity(n.) - the act of finding things not sought, luck
2882510slander(n.) - a FALSE statement to damage the reputation of another
2882511sobriety(n.) - moderation from excess, calm, tranquility
2882512somnolent(adj.) - sleepy
2882513soothsayer(n.) - a fortune teller
2882514sordid(adj.) - dirty
2882515spectral(adj.) - ghostly
2882516spurious(adj.) - FALSE but intended to seem believable or possible
2882517stagnant(adj.) - still, not flowing
2882518stagnate(v.) - to be idle, to be still
2882519static(adj.) - not moving, being at rest
2882520steadfast(adj.) - fixed or unchanging
2882521strenuous(adj.) - requiring tremendous strength or energy
2882522strife(n.) - conflict
2882523stupefy(v.) - to astound
2882524submissive(adj.) - easily yielding to authority
2882525subsist(v.) - to live, exist
2882526succinct(adj.) - marked by compact precision
2882527suffice(v.) - to meet needs
2882528supplant(v.) - to displace and substitute for another
2882529surfeit(n.) - an excess, a surplus, an overabundance
2882530surmise(v.) - to guess, infer, suppose
2882531surreptitious(adj.) - done in a secret, or stealthy way
2882532swarthy(adj.) - of dark color or complexion
2882533sybarite(n.) - someone devoted to pleasure and luxury, a voluptuary
2882534sycophant(n.) - a self-serving flatterer
2882535sympathetic(adj.) - compassionate
2882536sympathy(n.) - an expression of pity for another, compassion
2882537synopsis(n.) - a summary
2882538taciturn(adj.) - not inclined to talk
2882539tantamount(adj.) - equivalent in value or significance
2882540tedious(adj.) - boring, dull
2882541telepathic(adj.) - capable of reading minds
2882542tenuous(adj.) - having little substance or strength
2882543terrestrial(adj.) - relating to the land
2882544terse(adj.) - abrupt, short, brief
2882545timorous(adj.) - fearful, timid
2882546tome(n.) - a large book
2882547toothsome(adj.) - delicious, luscious
2882548torpid(adj.) - lazy, lethargic, moving slowly
2882549torrid(adj.) - giving off intense heat, passionate
2882550tortuous(adj.) - winding, twisted
2882551tragedy(n.) - a disastrous event, or a work of art in which the hero meets a terrible fate
2882552tranquil(adj.) - calm, serene, peaceful
2882553travesty(n.) - a grossly inferior imitation
2882554trek(v.) - to walk, travel by foot
2882555trite(adj.) - overused, hackneyed
2882556truculent(adj.) - eager to fight, violent
2882557ubiquitous(adj.) - existing everywhere, widespread
2882558ultimate(n.) - the last part, or a fundamental element
2882559umbrage(n.) - anger, offense, resentment
2882560uncanny(adj.) - of supernatural character or origin
2882561undulate(v.) - to move in a smooth wavelike motion
2882562uniform(adj.) - unvarying, conforming to one principle
2882563unilateral(adj.) - having only one side
2882564unique(adj.) - being the only one of its kind
2882565upbraid(v.) - to criticize, scold, reproach
2882566vacillate(v.) - to sway from one side to another
2882567variance(n.) - a difference between what is expected and what actually occurs
2882568variegate(v.) - to diversify
2882569vast(adj.) - enormous, immense
2882570veneer(n.) - a superficial or deceptively attractive appearance, façade
2882571veracious(adj.) - honest, truthful
2882572verbose(adj.) - wordy
2882573vicarious(adj.) - experienced through another's actions
2882574vicissitudes(n.) - the unexpected changes and shifts often encountered in one's life
2882575vigor(n.) - vitality and energy, vim.
2882576vim(n.) - and energy, vigor.
2882577vivacious(adj.) - lively, spirited, full of life
2882578vocation(n.) - one's work or professional calling
2882579volition(n.) - a conscious choice or decision
2882580voluminous(adj.) - large, ample
2882581voluptuary(n.) - someone devoted to sensory pleasure and luxury, a sybarite
2882582wane(v.) - to decrease gradually in size or degree
2882583wax(v.) - to increase gradually in size or degree
2882584weather(v.) - to withstand or survive a situation
2882585whet(v.) - to make more keen, stimulate
2882586winsome(adj.) - charming, attractive
2882587Zeitgeist(n.) - the spirit of the time
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Chapter 1 CCN Flashcards

Evolve questions

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634911888The charge nurse is making assignments for the critical care unit and assigns the experienced nurse to care for two complex patients. The novice nurse is assigned to care for the less complex patient. The charge nurse is basing assignments on which model of practice? 1. Institute for Healthcare Improvement 2. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses 3. Synergy model 4. Universal careSynergy model
634911889The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) publishes a variety of journals, including which of the following? 1. American Journal of Critical Care 2. Critical Care Medicine 3. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 4. Dimensions of Critical Care NursingAmerican Journal of Critical Care
634911890The nurse is caring for a patient from Mexico who became ill while vacationing in the United States. The patient's prognosis is grim. The nurse obtains information from the family regarding their cultural preferences. Which desired competency of nurses caring for critically ill patients does this exemplify? 1. Advocacy and moral agency 2. Holistic practice 3. Palliative care 4. Response to diversityResponse to diversity
634911891The nurse is interested in pursuing critical care nursing practice as a career and understands that: 1. collaborative practice interferes with effective patient care. 2. critical care nurses coordinate care for critically ill patients in a variety of settings. 3. critical care nursing is defined as care rendered in an intensive care unit. 4. technological advances have had little effect on ethical dilemmas.critical care nurses coordinate care for critically ill patients in a variety of settings
634911892The critical care nurse has agreed to serve as a preceptor for undergraduate nursing students who are scheduled for observation in the critical care unit. This activity represents what standard of professional performance? 1. Contributes to the professional development of others 2. Provides leadership in the practice setting 3. Uses clinical inquiry in practice 4. Uses skilled communication to collaborate with othersContributes to the professional development of others
634911893The most important reason for the nurse to develop effective communication skills is to: 1. collaborate with team members during interdisciplinary rounds. 2. develop skills in patient/family education. 3. ensure that the hospital is meeting Joint Commission requirements. 4. promote patient safety and reduce errors.ensure that the hospital is meeting Joint Commission requirements.
634911894Handoff communication is essential in reducing errors. The nurse understands that a barrier to handoff communication includes which of the following? 1. Bedside shift report between nurses 2. Crew resource management training 3. Forms and checklists to convey information during rounds 4. Noise during transfer report of a patientNoise during transfer report of a patient
634911895Collaboration can be promoted in the critical care unit by: 1. implementing weekly inservices presented by the intensivist. 2. instituting multiprofessional bedside rounds at least daily. 3. inviting team members to after-work social events. 4. mandating attendance at multiprofessional meetings.instituting multiprofessional bedside rounds at least daily
634911896The nurse understands that a healthy work environment includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.) 1. Acknowledgment of contributions of family members 2. Appropriate staffing 3. Effective decision making 4. Meaningful recognition 5. Respect for one anotherAll of the above
634911897Order the levels of evidence by rank, from highest to lowest. (Select all that apply.) 1. Expert opinion 2. Meta-analysis of multiple studies with consistent results 3. Professional organizational standards based on evidence 4. Qualitative, descriptive, or correlational studies 5. Well-designed controlled studies with consistent resultsAll of the above
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The Scarlet Letter Vocab Flashcards

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148171237Pervadespread throughout0
148171238Imperceptiblenot noticeable1
148171239Tremuloustrembling, nervous2
148171240Disdainfulproudly aloof; too good to talk to others3
148171241Inferto draw a conclusion without being told4
148171242Haughtycocky, stuck on yourself5
148171243Edificevery large, impressive building6
148171244Venerableimpressive because of age and knowledge7
148171245Eminenthigh in rank8
148171246Pertainhas to do with9
148171247Deportmentbehavior, conduct, demeanor10
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Apologia Biology Module 5 Flashcards

Vocabulary from Module 5 of Apologia's Exploring Creation with Biology (2nd Edition) by Dr. Jay Wile

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853353596MatterAnything that has mass and takes up space.
853353599ModelAn explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
853353600ElementA collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
853353601MoleculesChemicals that result from atoms linking together.
853353602Physical changeA change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance. Generally reversible. (EXAMPLES: Sugar dissolving in water; Ice melting)
853353603Chemical changeA change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance. Generally not reversible. (EXAMPLE: paper burning)
853353604PhaseOne of three forms--solid, liquid, or gas--which every substance is capable of attaining.
853353605DiffusionThe random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Takes place through solid, liquid and gases.
853353622ConcentrationA measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
853353606Semipermeable membraneA membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but not others. (EXAMPLE: a cell membrane)
853353607OsmosisA special type of diffusion where a solvent travels across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration. Takes place only in water.
853353608CatalystA substance that alters the speed of a chemical reation but is not used up in the process.
853353609Organic moleculeA molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfer, and/or phosphorous.
853353610BiosynthesisThe process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
853353611Isomers (ISO=same)Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
853353612Monosaccharides (MONO=one; SACCHARIDES=sugars)Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 atoms.
853353613Disaccharides (DI=two; SACCHARIDES=sugars)Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
853353614Polysaccharides (POLY=many; SACCHARIDES=sugars)Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
853353615Dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
853353616HydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
853353617Hydrophobic (HYDRO = water; PHOBIC = fear)Lacking any affinity to water.
853353618Saturated fatA lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bond between carbonatoms.
853353619Unsaturated fatA lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
853353620Peptide bondA bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
853353621Hydrogen bondA strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules. Overall, a WEAK BOND.
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Neuroscience - AP Psychology - Mrs. Welle Flashcards

Terms for neuroscience unit in AP Psychology. Includes structures of the brain, parts of and functions of the neuron, and the nervous system in general.

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25398001stimulusenvironmental feature that provokes a response
25398002receptorsspecialized cells that are sensitive to specific types of stimulus energy
25398003central nervous system (CNS)Division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
25398004peripheral nervous systemdivision of the nervous system that consists of neural fibers lying outside the brain and spinal cord
25398005somatic divisiondivision of the peripheral nervous system involved in controlling VOLUNTARY muscle & joint movement
25398006neuronsbasic cells of the nervous system
25398007sensory (afferent) neuronsneurons that carry information from the receptors to the spinal cord and brain
25398008motor (efferent) neuronsneurons that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
25398009autonomic nervous systemdivision of the peripheral nervous system involved in the control of (generally unconscious/automatic) bodily functioning through organs and glands
25398010sympathetic nervous systemsubdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body in times of stress, and preparing for flight or fight
25398011parasympathetic nervous systemsubdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for returning the body to a resting or balanced state
25398013reflexautomatic behavior in response to a specific stimulus; does not involve communication with the brain
25398014lower level structuresoldest of the three main divisions of the brain; its major structures include the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; also known as the "hindbrain"
25398015ponsstructure of the hindbrain that allows for communication between the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, & brain stem; has nuclei that are important for sleep and arousal
25398016medullastructure located in the hindbrain that regulates automatic responses such as breathing, swallowing, and blood circulation
25398017reticular formationband of nerve fibers that run through the center of the brain stem; important in controlling arousal levels
25398018cerebellumstructure of the hindbrain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements
25398019corpus callosumwide band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
25398021limbic systemstructures located beneath the cerebral cortex that are involved in regulating emotions and motivated behaviors
25398022thalamussubcortical structure that relays incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain; a.k.a "sensory switchboard"
25398023EEG (electroenchephalograph)device that monitors and records electric activity within the brain
25398024PET scan (positron emission tomography)imaging technique that involves monitoring the metabolic activity of the brain
25398025CT scan (computerized tomography)imaging technique that involves the production of a large number of X-rays interpreted by a computer
25398026MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)imaging technique that involves the use of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce a signal that can be interpreted by computer
25398027dendritesshort, branchlike structures of a neuron that receive information from receptors and other neurons
25398028fMRIa modification of the standard MRI procedure that allows both structural and functional images to be gathered
25398029somacell body of a neuron
25398030axonpart of a neuron tha transmits information to other neurons and to muscles and glands
25398031myelin sheathfatty protein substance that covers some axons, increasing speed of transmission
25398032terminal buttonsstructures located at the ends of the axon in which neurotransmitters are stored before release
25398033multiple sclerosisdisease caused by degeneration of myelin in the CNS
25398034neurotransmitterschemical substances, stored in the terminal buttons, that facilitate the transmission of information from one neuron to another
25398035synapsesite where two or more neurons interact but do not touch
25398036reuptakemethod of clearing a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft, in which the neurotransmitter is taken back into the terminal buttons
25398037synaptic vesiclessmall pockets or sacs located in terminal buttons that contain a neurotransmitter
25398038agonistdrug that enhances the operation of a neurotransmitter
25398039antagonistdrug that blocks the operation of a neurotransmitter
25398040endorphinsnatural painkillers that are produced by the body
25398041resting potentialelectrical charge (negative) of a neuron when it is not firing
25398042action potentialbrief electrial charge that travels down the axon; a process also called "depolarization"
25398043thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
25398044refractory periodperiod, after firing, during which the neuron is unable to fire because it is repolarizing
25398045aphasialoss of ability to speak or understand written or spoken language
25398046endocrine systemsystem of glands that produce and secrete chemicals
25398047hormoneschemicals produced by the glands of the endocrine system that are carried by the bloodstream to other organs
25398048pituitary glandgland located below the thalamus and hypothalamus; called the "master gland" because it controls many other glands
25405786biological psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
25405787acetylcholinea neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory; an undersupply is linked with Alzheimer's disease
25405788dopaminea neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning and attention; overactivity of receptors linked to schizophrenia while an undersupply linked to Parkinson's disease
25405789serotoninan undersupply of this neurotransmitter is linked with depression; exercise increases production of it
25408345norepinephrinea neurotransmitter that controls alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood
25408346GABAa major inhibitory neurotransmitter
25408347glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter; oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures
25408348nervesneural "cables" containing many axons
25408349interneuronscentral nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs
25408351lesionbrain destruction; can be naturally caused or created for experimentation
25408352hippocampusstructure in the limbic system important in processing memories
25408353hypothalamusstructure in the limbic system responsible for directing several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp); helps govern endocrine system via the pituitary gland
89919154Paul Brocaresponsible for discovering the area on the left frontal lobe responsible for coordinating muscle movements involved in spoken language
89919155Carl Wernickediscovered a brain area responsible for interpreting meaning of language
89919156depolarizationprocess of neural firing; when action potential is generated and the neuron briefly takes on a positive charge
89919157all-or-none principlerefers to the fact that a neuron will fire when threshold is reached, but not before
89919158amygdalethe two almond-shaped nerve clusters in the limbic system believed to be responsible for fear and aggressive responses
89919159cerebral cortexwrinkled, gray covering of the brain that accounts for 80% of brain weight is responsible for complex processing of information, planning, learning, memory storage, etc.
89919160Phineas Gagefamous case study in neuroscience; sustained catastrophic damage to his frontal lobes
89919161motor cortexlocated on the back of the frontal lobe; responsible for directing voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body
89919162sensory cortexlocated on the front of the parietal lobes; responsible for processing sensory information received by the opposite side of the body
89919163angular gyrusbrain area believed to be important in transferring visual (written) language into sound (auditory) information
89919164occipital lobeportion of the cerebral cortex at the "back" of the head; contains the visual cortex
89919165temporal lobeportion of the cerebral cortex located on the "sides" of the brain; contains auditory cortex
89919166Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzanigastudied split brain patients
89936551phrenologyearly, somewhat misguided attempt at studying the functions of parts of the brain; held that bumps on the skull revealed the person's personality traits
89936552Franz Gallearly comparative brain anatomist; developed phrenology
213364994gray matterouter layer of the cortex; mostly glia, neuronal cell bodies, and axons
213364995white matterinner layer of the cortex; composed of myelinated axons that reach between the lobes of the cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain
213364996Broca's areaarea (usually in the left frontal lobe) that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
213364997Wernicke's areabrain area involved in language comprehension; usually in left temporal lobe
483790927association areasAreas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
483794333angular gyrustransforms visual representations into an auditory code; damage to this leaves the person unable to speak and understand, but able to read
843976802neuroplasticityBrain's ability to reorganize and change its structure and function throughout the life span, in reponse to injury or new learning
843976803Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)blow to head or a penetrating head injury that damages brain
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AP Psychology Ch. 2 - Neuroscience and Behavior Flashcards

Neuroscience

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482697997phrenologyill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities & character traits
482697998biological psychologybranch of psychology concentrated with links between biology and behavior
482697999neuronsnerve cells; basic building blocks of nervous system
482698000dendritebushy, branching extensions of neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
482698001axonextension of neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages pass to other neurons/muscles/glands
482698002myelin sheathinsulates axons of some neurons and helps speed impulses
482698003multiple sclerosismyelin sheath degenerates and communication to muscles slows until eventual loss of muscle control
482698004action potentialneural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; generated by movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in axon's membrane
482698005resting potentialfluid interior of resting axon has excess of negative ions while fluid outside has more positive ions
482698006selectively permeableaxon's surface is very selective about what it allows in
482698007thresholdlevel of stimulation required to trigger neural impulse
482698008synapsejunction b/tw axon tip of sending neuron & dendrite/cell body of receiving neuron
482698009neurotransmitterschemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps b/tw neurons
482698010reuptakeexcess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by sending neurons
482698011acetylcholineneurotransmitter that enables learning & memory, & triggers muscle contractions
482698012dopamineinfluences movement, learning, attention, emotion
482698013serotoninaffects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
482698014norepinephrinehelps control alertness/arousal
482698015GABA(gammaaminobutyric acid) major inhibitory neurotransmitter
482698016glutamatemajor excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
482698017morphineopiate drug that elevates mood/eases pain; binds to receptors in areas linked w/ mood/pain sensations
482698018endorphinsnatural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control/pleasure
482698019agonistsdrugs that excite; may be similar enough to neurotransmitter to mimic its effects or may block neurotransmitter's reuptake
482698020antagonistsdrugs that inhibit; may be drug molecule that inhibits neurotransmitter's release; may be enough like natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site & block its effect but not enough to stimulate receptor
482698021blood-brain barrierenables brain to fence out unwanted chemical circulating blood
482698022nervous systembody's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral/central nervous systems
482698023central nervous system(CNS) includes brain/spinal chord
482698024peripheral nervous system(PNS) sensory/motor neurons that connect the CNS to rest of body
482698025nervesneural "cables" containing many axons; bundled axons (part of PNS) connect CNS w/ muscles/glands/sense organs
482698026sensory neuronsneurons that carry incoming info from sense receptors to CNS
482698027motor neuronsneurons that carry outgoing info from CNS to muscles/glands
482698028interneuronsCNS neurons that internally communicate/intervene b/tw sensory inputs & motor outputs
482698029somatic nervous systemdivision of PNS that controls body's skeletal muscles
482698030autonomic nervous systempart of PNS that controls glands/muscles of internal organs
482698031sympathetic nervous systemdivision of autonomic nervous system that arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
482698032parasympathetic nervous systemdivision of autonomic nervous system that calms body, conserving its energy
482698033reflexessimple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
482698034neural networksinterconnected neural cells; w/ experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens/inhibits connections that produce certain results
482698035endocrine systembody's "slow" chemical communications system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
482698036hormoneschemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue & affect another
482698037adrenal glandspair of endocrine glands just above kidneys; secrete hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse body in times of stress
482698038pituitary glandendocrine system's most influential gland; under influence of hypothalamus, pituitary gland regulates growth/controls other endocrine glands
482698039lesiontissue destruction; naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
482698040electroencephalogram(EEG) amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across brain's surface; waves are measured by electrodes placed on scalp
482698041positron emission tomography scan(PET scan) visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs given task
482698042magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) technique using magnetic fields/radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
482698043functional MRI(fMRI) technique for revealing blood flow & therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; show brain function
482698044brainstemoldest part/central core of brain, beginning where spinal cord swells as it enters skull; responsible for automatic survival functions
482698045medullabase of brainstem; controls heartbeat/breathing
482698046ponsjust above medulla; help coordinate movement
482698047reticular formationnerve network to brainstem that plays important role in controlling arousal; located inside brainstem b/tw ears extending from spinal cord into thalamus
482698048thalamusbrain's sensory switchboard; located on top of brainstem; it directs messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex & transmits replies to cerebellum/medulla; receives all senses except smell
482698049cerebellum"little brain" attached to rear of brainstem; functions include processing sensory input/coordinating movement output & balance, one type of nonverbal learning/memory, helps judge time, modulate emotions, discriminate sounds/textures, coordinates voluntary movement
482698050limbic systemdoughnut-shaped system of neural structures at border of brainstem & cerebral hemispheres; associated w/ emotions such as frear/aggression & drives such as those for food & sex
482698051amygdalatwo lima bean-sized neural clusters that are linked to emotion; influence aggression/fear
482698052hypothalamusneural structure below thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
482698053cerebral cortexintricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers cerebral hemisphere; body's ultimate control/info processing center
482698054glial cellscells in nervous system that support/nourish/protect neurons; guide neural connections, provide nutrients/insulating myelin, mop up ions/neurotransmitters
482698055frontal lobesbehind forehead; involved in speaking/muscle movements & in making plans/judgments
482698056parietal lobeson top of head toward rear; receives sensory input for touch/body position
482698057occipital lobesback of head; visual areas which receive visual info from opposite visual field
482698058temporal lobesabove ears; auditory areas, each of which receives auditory info primarily from opposite ear
482698059motor cortexarea at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
482698060sensory cortexarea at front of parietal lobes that registers/processes body touch/movement sensations
482698061association areaareas of cerebral cortex that aren't involved in primary motor/sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions like learning/remembering/thinking/speaking
482698062aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
482698063Broca's areacontrols language expression - an area of frontal lobe, usually in left hemisphere, that directs muscle movements involved in speech
482698064Wernicke's areacontrols language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension/expression; usually in left temporal lobe
482698065angular gyrusreceives visual info from visual area & recodes it into auditory form
482698066plasticitybrain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on effects of experiences on brain development
482698067corpus callosumlarge band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres/carrying messages b/tw them
482698068split brainscondition in which two hemispheres of brain are isolated by cutting connecting fibers b/tw them
482698069lateralizationusing magnetic stimulation to temporarily disrupt left or right brain activity or by briefly sedating entire hemisphere
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