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Geometry (Pre-Algebra)

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345717029PointA location in space
345717030LineA series of points that extend in two directions without end
345717031PlaneA flat surface that extends in both directions without end
345717032SegmentPart of line that has two distinct endpoints
345717033RayPart of line that has one endpoint and then extends forever in the other direction
345717034Intersecting LinesLines that cross with one point in common
345717035Parallel LinesLines that are in the same plane but never intersect
345717036Skew LinesLines that are not in the same plane and are not parallel but also do not intersect
345717037Adjacent AnglesAngles that share a vertex and a side but no points in their interiors
345717038Vertical AnglesFormed by two intersecting lines that are opposite each other. They have the same measures
345717039Supplementary AnglesWhen the sum of the measures of two angles are 180 degrees
345717040ComplementaryWhen the sum of the measures of two angles are 90 degrees
345717041Congruent AnglesAngles that have equal measure
345717042TransversalA line that intersects two other lines in different positions
345717043Corresponding AnglesAngles that lie on the same side of the transversal in corresponding positions
345717044Alternate interior anglesAn interior pair of angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal
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Nervous System

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202507952Central Nervous System (CNS)Brain & Spinal Cord
202507953Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, Sense Organs, receptors
202507954Sensory NeuronReceives info from environment, sends impulses to brain/ spinal cord
202507955Motor NeuronCarries impulses in brain/ spinal cord to muscles or glands
202507956Nerve ImpulseElectrical message within a neuron, chemical message between neurons
202507957ReceptorStructures in skin and sense organs, senses a change in the environment then sends impulses to sensory neurons
202507958NeurotransmittersChemicals that carry a nerve impulse between neurons
202507959SynapseSpace between 2 neurons
202507960Cerebellum (location)Behind and under cerebrum
202507961Cerebellum (function)Sends impulses to voluntary muscles, controls coordination, keeps balance and muscle tone
202507962Brain Stem (location)Extends below cerebrum
202507963Brain Stem (function)Connects brain and spinal cord, controls involuntary muscles
202507964Cerebrum (location)Largest part of brain, left/right hemispheres
202507965Cerebrum (function)Interprets impulses from senses, memory stored, voluntary muscles controlled, thinking
202507966Medulla (location)small oblong node on the brainstem
202507967Medulla (function)Controlls basic involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, etc.
202507968StimulantClass of drugs that increases heart rate, increases nervous system activity
202507969DepressantClass of drugs that decreases heart rate, decreases nervous system activity
202507970HallucinogenClass of drugs that disrupts nervous system activity, mimics schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses
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AP Biology - Chapter 52 - Population Ecology

made them from the definitions given by the reece and campbell book's cd

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32244994age structurethe relative number of individuals of each age in a population
32244995big-bang reproductionA life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as semelparity.
32244996carrying capacityThe maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.
32244997clumpedDescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches.
32244998cohortA group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.
32244999demographic transitionA shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates.
32245000demographyThe study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations.
32245001densityThe number of individuals per unit area or volume.
32245002density dependentReferring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density.
32245003density independentReferring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density.
32245004dispersionThe pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries.
32245005ecological capacitythe actual resource base of a country
32245006ecological footprintA method to use multiple constraints to estimate the human carrying capacity of Earth by calculating the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories that is appropriated by a nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates.
32245007emigrationThe movement of individuals out of a population.
32245008exponential population growthThe geometric increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment.
32245009immigrationThe influx of new individuals from other areas.
32245010infant mortalityThe number of infant deaths per 1, 000 live births.
32245011iteroparityA life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction.
32245012K-selectionThe concept that in certain (K-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival.
32245013life expectancy at birthThe predicted average length of life at birth.
32245014life historyThe series of events from birth through reproduction and death.
32245015life tableA table of data summarizing mortality in a population.
32245016logistic population growthA model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
32245017mark-recapture methodA sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.
32245018meta-populationa subdivided population of a single species
32245019populationA localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring).
32245020population dynamicsThe study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size.
32245021population ecologyThe study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.
32245022random dispersionDescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way.
32245023repeated reproductionA life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as iteroparity.
32245024reproductive tableAn age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population.
32245025r-selectionThe concept that in certain (r-selected) populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history.
32245026semelparityA life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as big-bang reproduction.
32245027survivorship curveA plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
32245028territorialityA behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species. Territory defense may involve direct aggression or indirect machanisms such as scent marking or singing.
32245029uniformDescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are evenly distributed.
32245030zero population growth (ZPG)A period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal.
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Chapter 1 The emergence of Early Human communities

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249803928societyorganized groups of people who have identifiable languages and social structures that reflect values and meaning purposefully taught
249803929pangaeasupercontinent, the center of which is present day Africa
249803930Laurasiawhen pangaea broke into two large land masses.
249803931gondwanalandsouthern continents
249803932plate tectonicssplitting off and drifting toward other locations
249803933prehistorytime before written history
249803934paleontologistsceintists who study the fossils of plants and animals
249803935archaeologistscientists who study the remains of ancient people (both fossils and artifacts or manmade objects)
249803936anthropologistscientist who study physical and cultural characteristics of people
249803937carbon 14 datingmethod to determine the age of archaeological finds. measures the amount of radioactive carbon left in an object
249803938accelerator mass spectrometryseparates fossil samples, one thousand size needed for carbon dating
249803939DNAreveal similarities and differences between hominid types
249803940hominidhumans
249803941great rift valley...
249803942bipedalismwalking upright
249803943Tim White1994, 37 individual discovered in Ethiopia
249803944ardipitheius ramidus"Ardi" fossil revealing. complete skeleton of a woman
249803945Donald Johanson1974. Australopithecus afarensis. found in Hadar
249803946Lucycomplete skeletal of woman. 3-4 feet tall. smaller than Ardipithecus ramidus. teeth closer to more modern himinids than those of Ardi
249803947LateoliTanzania, where footprints of an adult and child were found
249803948Mary and Louis Leakey1962-1964 found homo habilis
249803949Homo Habilis2.5 million- 1.6 million. disportionately long arms, bigger brain. known as "handy man" with stone tools
249803950Kamoya Kimeufound Turkana boy in Lake Turkana in Kenya and Ethiopian border
249803951Ricahrd Leakeyson of Mary and Louis Leaky
249803952Homo erectuslarger brain, lost body hair. used fires, hand axes
249803953Homo Sapiensconsciously thinking human
249803954Neanderthalhonored and buried their dead
249803955Cro MagnonHomo Sapiens sapiens. capacity for art
249803956Culturelearned behavior and social organization
249803957In situin its original place
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APGOV Unit 1

screw everything tbqh

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272536519ConstitutionA nation's basic law
272536520Declaration of Independencedocument approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their independence from the British monarchy
272536521natural rightsRights inherited by human beings
272536522consent of the governedwhen people must decide who their rulers should be
272536523limited governmentthere must be restrictions on government
272536524the Articles of Confederation1776, the congress appointed a group to draw up a plan for a permanent union of the states. this plan was called...
272536525Shay's Rebellion1786 - a small band of farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled at losing their land to creditors
272536526New Jersey PlanEach state should be equally represented in congress (proposed by William Paterson)
272536527Virginia PlanEach state should be represented in Congress according to population
272536528Connecticut Compromise•The Senate: two members from each state •The House: representation based on population
2725365293/5 compromisetaxation and representation were to be based on the number of free persons plus three-fifths of the number of all other persons.aka slaves
272536530Traditional Democratic TheoryEquality in Voting Effective Participation Enlightened Understanding Citizen Control of the Agenda Inclusion
272536531Equality in Votingo One person, one vote o Not universal; representative
272536532Effective Participationo Citizens must have adequate and equal opportunities to express their preferences
272536533Enlightened Understandingo Democratic society = marketplace of ideas o Free press and speech are essential to civic understanding
272536534Citizen Control of the Agendao Citizens have the collective right to control the gov's policy agenda
272536535Inclusiono Gov. must include and extend rights to all subject to its laws o Must be open to all within a nation
272536536majority ruleThe gov. must practice this; when voting or choosing, the will of over half the voters must be followed
272536537minority rightsMinorities still have a right to basic principles like freedom or speech and assemble
272536538RepresentationRelationship between the few leaders and many people
272536539Pluralist TheoryGroups of shared interests can interest public policy by pressing their concerns through organized efforts
272536540pluralistspeople that are optimistic that public interest will come through sometime in the making of public policy through a process of bargaining and compromise
272536541elite and class theorysociety is devided along class line aand and upper class runs the government
272536542elite class theoristsPeople that believe that o Wealth is the basis of power (holding property, stocks, and bonds) o 1/3 of the nation's wealth is held by 1% of the population aka rich peoplez o ...only because they can afford to finance election campaigns and control key institutions
272536543Hyperpluralismpluralism gone bad - groups are so strong the government is weakened and the influence of all these groups cripples the governments ability to make policy
272536544policy gridlock- A condition that occurs when no cloalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy is called
272536545Governmentinstitutions that make authoritative decisions for any given society
272536546American Institutionsa. Congress b. The President c. The Courts d. The Federal Administrative Agencies (bureaucracy)
272536547Things all governments should have in commona. Maintain a national defense b. Provide public services c. Preserve order d. Socialize the young e. Collect taxes
272536548Public Goods- Governments spend billions on schools, libraries, hospitals, highways, and public parks - Since these services cannot be refused to anyone, they are called
272536549Politicsthe process in which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. This produces authoritative decisions about public issues
272536550Political Participationa. Voting b. Supporting c. Compromising d. Lobbying
272536551single-issue grouppeople who vote for a politician based on their view on a single issue
272536552policymaking systemprocess in which policy is made and evolves over time.
272536553Linkage institutionspolitical channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda
272536554examples of linkage instutitionsa. Elections b. Political parties c. Interest groups d. The media
272536555political issuewhen people disagree about a problem or about the public policy that is needed to fix it
272536556three policymaking institutionsa. Congress b. The presidency c. The courts
272536557Public Policya choice that the government makes in response to a political issue (every law passed, budget established, and ruling)
272536558Policy Impactsthe effects that a policy has on people and on society's problems
272536559Democracythe means of selecting a policymakers and of organizing government so that policy reflects citizens' choices
272536560Gross Domestic Product(29% spent by national, state, and local govs) the total value of all goods and services produced annually by the United States
272536561Equal Rights Amendmentproposed by Susan B. Anthony, "Euqality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridges by the United States or by any State on account of sex."
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APGov unit 1

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88158872Aristotlea philosopher who defined democracy as the "rule of the many"
88158873authoritythe right to exercise political power
88158874bureaucracystructures of authority organized around expertise and specialization
88158875bureaucratic theorya theory that appointed civil servants make the key governing decisions
88158876citizen participationa political system in which those affected by a governmental program must be permitted to participate in the program's formulation
88158877city-statea relatively small political unit within which classical democracy was practiced
88158878community controla political system in which local citizens are empowered to govern themselves directly
88158879democracya term used to describe three different political systems in which the people are said to rule, directly or indirectly
88158880democratic centralismdiscovering and then acting on the genuine needs of the people, within a party cadre
88158881direct/participatory democracya political system in which all or most citizens participate directly by either holding office or making policy
88158882elitean identifiable group of people with a disproportionate share of political power
88158883elitist theorya theory that a few top leaders make the key decisions without reference to popular desires
88158884legitimacythe widely shared perception that something or someone should be obeyed
88158885majoritarian politicsa political system in which the choices of the political leaders are closely constrained by the preferences of the people
88158886Marxist theorya theory that government is merely a reflection of underlying economic forces
88158887Millsa sociologist who presented the idea of a mostly nongovernmental power elite
88158888pluralist theorya theory that no one interest group consistently holds political power
88158889political powerpower when used to determine who will hold government office and how government will behave
88158890powerthe ability of one person to cause another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions
88158891representative democracyconferring political power on those selected by the voters in competitive elections
88158892Schumpeteran economist who defined democracy as the competitive struggle by political leaders for the people's vote
88158893Webera sociologist who emphasized the phenomenon of bureaucracy in explaining political developments
88158894Articles of Confederationthe government charter of the states from 1776 until the Constitution of 1787
88158895Charles A. Bearda historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution
88158896Constitutiona set of principles, either written or unwritten, that makes up the fundamental law of the state
88158897Constitutional Conventiona meeting of delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 charged with drawing up amendments to the A of C
88158898Declaration of Independencea document written in 1776 declaring the colonists' intention to throw off British rule
88158899federalisma constitutional principle reserving separate powers to the national and state levels of government
88158900Federalist papersa series of political tracts that explained many of the ideas of the Founders
88158901Great Compromisea constitutional proposal that made membership in one house of Congress proportional to each state's population and membership in the other equal for all states
88158902John Lockea British philosopher whose ideas on civil government greatly influenced the Founders
88158903James Madisona principal architect of the Constitution who felt that a government powerful enough to encourage virtue in its citizens was too powerful
88158904Massachusetts Conventiona state constitution , a state constitution with clear seperation of powers but considered to have produced too weak a government
88158905natural rightsrights of all human beings that are ordained by God, discoverable in nature and history, and essential to human progress
88158906New Jersey Plana constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
88158907Pennsylvania ConstitutionA governing document considering to be hightly democratic yet with a tendency toward tyranny as the result of concentrating all powers in one set of hands
88158908separation of powersa constitutional principle separating the personnel of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government
88158909Shay's Rebellionan armed attempt by Revolutionary War veterans to avoid losing their property by preventing the courts in western Mass. from meeting
88158910Virginia Plana constitutional proposal that the smaller states' representatives feared would give permanent supremacy to the larger states
88158911amendmentchange in, or addition to, a constitution
88158912Antifederaliststhose who opposed giving as much power to the national government as the Constitution did, favoring instead stronger states' rights
88158913bill of attaindera law that would declare a person guilty of a crime without a trial
88158914Bill of Rightsthe first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
88158915checks and balancesthe power of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches
88158916coalitionan alliance between different interest groups or parties to achieve some political goal
88158917confederationan agreement among sovereign states that delegates certain powers to a national government
88158918ex post facto lawa law that would declare an act criminal after the act was committed
88158919factiona group of people sharing a common interest who seek to influence public policy for their collective benefit
88158920Federalistssupporters of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution and then founded a political party
88158921judicial reviewthe power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and of the executive unconstitutional and therefore null and void
88158922line-item vetothe power of an executive to veto some provisions in an appropriations bill while approving others
88158923Madisonian view of human naturea philosophy holding that accomodating individual self-interest provided a more practical solution to the problem of government than aiming to cultivate virtue
88158924republica form of democracy in which leaders and representatives are selected by means of popular competitive elections
88158925unalienable rightsrights thought to be based on nature and providence rather than on the preferences of people
88158926writ of habeas corpusa court order requiring police officials to produce an individual held in custody and show sufficient cause for that person's detention
88158927AFDCprogram to distribute welfare benefits, program to distribute welfare benefits that was formerly federally funded then devolved to the states in 1996
88158928block grantsa federal grant that could be used for a variety of purposes, usually with few accompanying restrictions
88158929categorical grantsa federal grant for a specific purpose, often with accompanying conditions and/or requiring a local match
88158930conditions of aidfederal rules that states must follow if they choose to receive the federal grants with which the rules are associated
88158931confederal systema system in which state governments are sovereign and the national government may do only what the states permit
88158932devolutionan effort to shift responsibility for a wide range of domestic programs from Washington to the states
88158933dual federalismthe doctrine that both state and national governments are supreme in their respective spheres
88158934federal systema system in which sovereignty is shared between the national and state governments
88158935grants-in-aidfederal funds provided to states and localities
88158936initiativea procedure that allows voters to place legislative measures (and sometimes constitutional amendments) directly on the ballot by getting a specified proportion of voter signatures on a petition
88158937intergovernmental lobbyan interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds
88158938interstate commercebusiness that is conducted in more than one state
88158939intrastate commercebusiness that is conducted entirely within one state
88158940land grant collegesstate educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands
88158941McCulloch v. Marylanda Supreme Court decision embodying the principle of implied powers of the national government
88158942mandatesfederal rules that states must follow, whether they receive federal grants or not
88158943Medicaidfederally funded medical care for the poor
88158944Model Citiesa program proposed in the 1960s to give federal funds to a small number of large cities with acute problems
88158945national interestsgovernmental concerns considered to be primarily the responsibility of the central government
88158946necessary and proper clausethe term used by the Supreme Court to create the category of implied powers of the national government
88158947New FederalismNixon's attempt in the 1970s to reduce federal restrictions on grants-in-aid
88158948nullificationa doctrine espoused by Calhoun that states could hold certain national policies invalid within their boundaries
88158949police powersthose state laws and regulations not otherwise unconstitutional, that promote health, safety and morals
88158950recalla procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
88158951referenduma procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature
88158952revenue sharinga federal grant that requires no matching funds and provides freedom in how to spend it
88158953second-order devolutionrefers to a flow of power and responsibility from the states to local governments
88158954sovereigntysupreme or ultimate political authority
88158955states' rightsgovernment concerns considered to be primarily the responsibility of state governments
88158956Tenth Amendmentthe clause that stipulates that powers not delegated to the U.S. are reserved to the states or to the people
88158957third-order devolutionrefers to the increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in policy implementation
88158958unitary systema system in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government
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APGov Unit 1: Constitutional Underpinnings

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169352252Bill of AttaidnerCongress can regulate trade between nations, between states, and among Indian tribes.
169352253Contracts ClauseNo state can interfere with the execution of contracts. For example, a state could not pass a law that declares all debts to be null and void.
169352254Due Process Clause 5th AmendmentThe national government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life, liberty, or property.
169352255Due Process Clause 14th AmendmentState governments must observe fair procedures when they deny a person life, liberty, or property.
169352256Elastic ClauseCongress can exercise powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution if those powers are "necessary & proper" for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated.
169352257Equal Protections Clause 14th AmendmentStates cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals. They must treat people "equally"
169352258Establishment ClauseCongress cannot establish an "official" religion. This is the reason why the U.S. has a separation of church and state.
169352259Ex Post Facto ClauseCongress cannot pass a law that punished a person for something that was not a crime when it was committed.
169352260Extradition ClauseAn accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which he/she allegedly committed the crime.
169352261Free Exercise ClauseCongress cannot pass a law that bans the freedom of worship.
169352262Full Faith and Credit ClauseA state must recognize the validity of the public acts, records, and court decisions of other states. For example, a state must recognize the validity of a birth certificate issues in another state.
169352263Privileges and Immunities ClauseA state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other states
169352264Reserved Power ClauseAny power that is not granted to the national government, or denied to the states, automatically reverts to the states.
169352265Search & Seizure ClauseThis protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures.
169352266Supremacy ClauseFederal law is supreme over state law
169352267Takings ClauseA government can take private property for a public purpose, but it must provide fair compensation to the owners of that property
169352268Bicameral Legislaturetwo-house legislature
169352269Block GrantMoney granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose rather than for a narrow purpose
169352270Categorical GrantMoney granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose. These come with strings attached (ie. nondiscrimination provisions)
169352271Centraliststhose who favor national authority over state authority
169352272Checks and Balancessystem in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches
169352273Concurrent Powersthose held by both Congress and the states
169352274Confederationsystem in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government
169352275Enumerated Powersthose that are specifically granted to Congress (also known as expressed powers)
169352276Federalismconstitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments
169352277Dual Federalismsystem in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere
169352278Cooperative Federalismsystem in which both federal government and state government cooperate in solving problems
169352279New Federalismsystem in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states
169352280Federalist Papersanthology of 85 essay written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution
169352281Formal Amendmenta change in the actual wording of the constitution (proposed by 2/3 votes of Congress/national convention and ratified by 3/4 votes of state legislatures/conventions )
169352282Implied Powersthose that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congress enumerated powers and are granted to Congress through the Elastic Clause
169352283Indirect Democracysystem in which the people rule by their representatives
169352284Inherent Powersforeign policy powers held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government
169352285Informal Amendmenta change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution through court decisions such as Brown v. Board
169352286Judicial Reviewpower of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions
169352287Mandatesrequirements imposed by the national government upon the states (unfunded mandates are imposed by the national government but lack funding)
169352288Marbury v. Madisonthe court case that established judicial review
169352289McCulloch v Marylandthe court cast that established the principle of national supremacy and the validity of implied powers. In this case, Maryland's state government tried to tax the national bank.)
169352290Police Powerspowers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public
169352291Popular Sovereigntyprinciple in which ultimate political authority rests with the people
169352292Reserved Powerspowers held by the states through the 10th amendment. Any power not granted to the U.S. government is "reserved" for the states
169352293Separation of PowersPrinciple in which the powers of government are separated among three branches
169352294Shay's Rebellion1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention
169352295Supermajoritya majority greater than a simple majority of one over half (ie. 3/5, 2/3)
169352296Uni-cameral Legislaturesingle-house legislature
169352297Majoritarian Theorya democratic theory which satisfies the following: what the majority wants, the will of the people
169352298Elite Theorya democratic theory in which followers believe that the power should rest with the 1%-5% of people with wealth
169352299Pluralist Theorya democratic theory which believes in healthy competition, and that different groups all have power
169352300Hyperpluralist Theorya democratic theory that is the opposite of the pluralist theory. Followers of this believe that good decisions cannot be made because there are too many strong, influential groups.
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Ch 29 Plant Diversity I

campbell

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370937736bryophytesA moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
370937737vascular plantsplants with true vascular tissue
370937738vascular tissuetissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
370937739pteridophytesFerns
370937740seeda mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
370937741gymnospermseed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
370937742angiospermflowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed
370937743charophyceansThe green algal group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. They are considered to be the closest relatives of land plants.
370937744rosette cellulose synthesizing complexRose-shaped array of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls of charophyceans and land plants.
370937745peroxisomesContain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
370937746apical meristemEmbryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
370937747placental transfer cellsA plant cell that enhances the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo
370937748embryophytesAnother name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.
370937749alternation of generationsA life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.
370937750gametophytethe gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
370937751sporophytethe spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
370937752sporesreproductive cells that can develop into another organism without fusing with another cell.
370937753sporopollenina durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.
370937754sporangiamulticellular organs that produce spores
370937755spore mother cellsThe cells that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores within a sporangium.
370937756gametangiaThe reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.
370937757antheridiamale reproductive structure in some algae and plants
370937758archegoniuma female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms
370937759cuticuleA wax-like coating on the leaves that retains water.
370937760stomatathe small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
370937761xylemthe woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels
370937762phloem(botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed
370937763secondary compoundschemical compounds produced by plants strictly for repelling or attracting predators or pollinators.
370937764deep greenAn international initiative focusing on the deepest phylogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades.
370937765streptophytais composed of seven clades, including land plants. Land plants and Charales are sister clades
370937766viridiplantaeNew clade that includes both green algae and land plants
370937767plantaethe taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants
370937768mossesphylum bryophyta, have rhizoids instead of roots; fuzzy green gametophyte; long slender sporophyte
370937769liverwortsphylum hepatophyta, a nonvascular plant that's shaped like a human liver. found growing as a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream.
370937770hornwortsphylum antherocerophyta, nonvascular plant that has a slender, curved structure that look like horns growing out of the gametophytes. the horn like structures are actually the sporophytes. they are not found on rocks or tree trunks. they grow in moist soil, often mixed in with grass plants.
370937771protonemamass of tangled green filaments in mosses that forms during germination
370937772gametophoreThe mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.
370937773rhizoidsthe hyphae that anchors the mold to the surface of the bread and that penetrates the breads surface
370937774foot(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement. See also mantle, visceral mass.
370937775setastalk of a moss capsule
370937776sporangiuma specialized sac, case, or capsule, or other structure that produces spores.
370937777capsulea dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses
370937778calyptrathe hood or cap covering the calyx of certain plants: e.g., the California poppy
370937779peristomeA ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge.
370937780peatpartially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water, partially decayed plant matter found in bogs
370937781branched sporophytessporophytes that can become independent of parental gametophytes. A characteristic of vascular plants
370937782seedless vascular plantsThe informal collective name for the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Pteridophyta (ferns and their relatives).
370937783protracheophyte polysporangiophytesA group of Silurian moss-like ancestors that were like bryophytes in lacking lignified vascular tissue but were different in having independent, branched, sporophytes that were not dependent on gametophytes for their growth.
370937784microphyllsIn lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein.
370937785megaphyllsa leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of vast majority of vascular plants; Complex leaves
370937786homosporousReferring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.
370937787heterosporousA term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.
370937788megasporesA spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.
370937789microsporesA spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.
370937790lychophytaClub mosses are small plants with rhizomes and short, erect branches. Like horsetails, theyy were common 300 million years ago when their extinct relatives were treelike plants.
370937791pterophytaFerns. "Seedless plants". Among earliest vascular plants to colonize land. Life cycle involves alternation of generation (dominant stage is the sporophyte generation).
370937792sporophyllsA modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction.
370937793psilophytesmost primitive of tracheophytes and contains rhizoids; only living vascular plants to lack both true roots and leaves
370937794spenophytaVascular plants with hollow, ribbed stems and reduced, scalelike leaves. E.g. horsetails. Extinct species were as large as modern trees. Current ones are small & found in wet, marshy habitats.
370937795horsetailsseedless vascular plant with jointed stems; needlelike branches AKA spenophyta
370937796fernsAny of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores AKA pterophyta
370937797sorifern structures in which spores are produced
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APUSH Ch.2-5 Test

Review for Test 1 in Blanton

Terms : Hide Images
82467482IrelandNation where Englsih Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population
82467483RoanokeIsland colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1850s
82467484Spanish ArmadaNaval invaders defeated by English 'sea dogs' in 1588
82467485Joint Stock CompanyForerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial values
82467486Anglo - Powhatan WarName of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the english in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader
82467487Slave CodeThe harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbadoes and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696.
82467488Virginia CompanyRoyal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guarenteeing settlers their rights as English citizens
82467489Indentured ServantsPenniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits
82467490Iroquoispowerful Indian conferderation that dominated New York and and the easter Great Lakes area; comprised of several peoples (not the Algonquians)
82467491SquattersPoor farmers in NC and elsewhere who occupied land and raised cropes without legal title to the soil
82467492Royal ColonyTerm for colony under direct control of the English king or queen
82467493TobaccoThe primary staple crop of early VA, MD, and NC
82467494South CarolinaThe only southern colony with a slave majority.
82467495RiceThe primary plantation crop of South Carolina
82467496SavannahA melting pot twon in early colonial Georgia
82468481PowhatanIndian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of VA
82468482Raleigh and GilbertElizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies
82468483RoanokeThe failed 'lost colony' founded by Sir Walter Raleigh
82468484Smith and RolfeVirginia leader 'saved' by Pocahantas and the prominet settler who married her
82468485VirginiaColony that established the House of Burgesses in 1619
82468486MarylandFounded as a haven for Roman Catholics
82468487Lord De La WarrHarsh military goverenr of VA who employed 'Irish Tactics' against the Indians
82469720Jamaica and BarbadosBritish West Indian sugar colines where large-scaled plantations and slvaery took root
82469721Lord BaltimoreThe Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers
82469722South CarolinaColony that turned to disease-resistant African slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations
82469723North CarolinaColony that was called a 'vale of humility between two mountains of conciet'
82469724GeorgiaFounded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists
82469725James OglethorpePhilanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony
82474648Protestant ReformationSixteenth-century religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther
82474649ProtestantsEnglish Calvinists who sought a throrough cleansing from within the Church of England
82474650SeperatistsRadical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own inpendent churches
82474651Mayflower CompactThe shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establist a body politic and submit to majority rule
82474652CovenantPuritans' term for their belief that Massachusetts Bay had a special arrangement with Fod to become a holy society
82474653Dismissal of ParlimentCharles I's politcal action of 1629 that led to persecution of the pUritans and the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company
82474654Fishing and ShipbuildingThe two major nonfarming industries of Massachusetts Bay
82474655AntinomianismAnne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law
82474656BanishmentCommon fate of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after they were convicted of heresy in Massachusetts Bay
82474657Praying TownsVillages where New England Indians who converted to Christianity were gathered
82474658King Phillip's WarSuccessful military action by the colonies united in the New Englad Confederation
82474659Glorious RevolutionEnglish revolt that also led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New Englad in America
82474660Hudson River ValleyRiver valley where vast estates created an aristocratic landholding elite in New Netherland and New York
82474661TeslotesRequired, sworn statements of loyalty or religious belief, resisted by the Quakers
82474662SmugglingCommon activity in which the colonists engaged to avoid the restrictive, unpopular Navigation Laws
82474663Martin LutherGerman monk who began Protestant Reformation
82474664John CalvinReformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch, Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed
82474665MassasoitWampanoag cieftan who befriended English colonies
82474666PlymouthSmall colony that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay
82474667Massachusetts Bay ColonyColony whose government sought to enforced God's law on believers and unbelievers alike
82474668John WinthropPromoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy 'city upon a hill'
82474669Great Puritan MigrationMass flight by religious dissdents from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I
82474670General CourtRepresentative assembly of Massachusetts Bay
82474671PuritansDominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay
82474672QuakersReligious group persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania
82474673Anne HutchinsonReligious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism
82474674Roger WilliamsRadical founder of the most tolerant New England colony
82474675King PhillipIndian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England's white colonists
82474676Peter StuyvesantConqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English
82474677William PennFounder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies
82475300ColoniesEarly Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last
82475301DiseasePrimary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers
82526317Indentured ServantsImmigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor
82526318Headright SystemMaryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers
82526319HangingFate of many of Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself
82526320Royal African CompanyEnglish company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698
82526321Rhode IslandAmerican colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders
82526322GullahAfrican American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
82526323RevoltsUprisings that occurred in NYC in 1712 and in SC in 1739.
82526324First Families of Virginia (FFVs)Wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony
82526325Early 20sApproximate marriage age of most New England women
82526326MeetinghouseThe basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs
82526327The Half-Way CovenantFormula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion
82526328Salem Witch TrialsLate seventeenth-century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige
82526329FarmingPrimary occupation of most 17th century Americans
82526330ChesapeakeVirginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
82526331Indentured ServantsPrimary laborers in early southern colonies until the 1680s
82526332Nathaniel BaconAgitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersman on a rampage against Indians and colonial government
82526333Governor BerkeleyColonial VA official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge
82526334Royal African CompanyOrganization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to a free enterprise expansion of the business
82526335Middle PassageExperience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80 percent survived.
82526336RingshoutWest African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher
82526337NYC Slave revolt of 1712Major middle colonies rebellion that cause thirty three deaths
82526338Nathanael HawthorneAuthor of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter 'A'
82526339"New England conscience"The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans
82526340HarvardThe oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to educate boys in the ministry
82526341William and MarThe oldest college in the South, founded in 1793
82526342Half-Way CovenantHelped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted 'elect' and other members of society
82526343Salem Witch TrialsPhenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of twenty people and two dogs
82526344Leisler's RebellionSmall NY revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants
82535826DutchCorruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania
82535827Scots-IrishEthnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies
82535828Paxton BoysRebellious movement of frontiersman in the southern colonies that included future president Andrew Jackson
82535829Jail BirdsPopular term for convicted criminals dumped on colonies by British authorities
82535830Praying TownsTerm for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized
82535831LawyersA once-despised profession that rose in prestige after 1750 because its practitioners defended colonial rights
82535832Triangular TradeSmall but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West Indies
82535833TavernsPopular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate
82535834EstablishedTerm for tax-supported condition of Congregational and Anglican churches, but not of Baptists, Quakers and Roman Catholics
82535835Great AwakeningSpectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s
82535836New LightsMinisters who supported the Great Awakening against the 'old light' clergy who rejected it
82535837CollegesInstitutions that were founded in greater numbers as a result of the Great Awakening, although a few had been found earlier
82535838Zenger CaseThe case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel
82535839CouncilThe upper house of colonial legislature, appointed by the crown or the proprietor
82535840Poor Richard's AlmanacBen Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice
82535841PhiladelphiaLeading city of the colonies; home of Ben Franklin
82535842African AmericansLargest non-English group in the colonies
82535843Scots-IrishGroup that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authorities
82535844Paxton Boys and RegulatorsScots-Irish frontiersman who protested against colonial elites of Penn. and NC
82535845Patrick HenryEloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rights
82535846Molasses ActAttempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West Indies
82535847Anglican ChurchEstablished religion in southern colonies and NY, weakened by lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties with British crown
82535848Jonathan EdwardsBrilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening
82535849George WhitefieldItinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout colonies
82535850Benjamin FranklinAuthor, scientist, printer; 'the first civilized American'
82535851John Peter ZengerColonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press
82535852QuakersDominant religious group in colonial Pennsylvania, criticized by others for their attitudes toward Indians
82535853BaptistsNonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening
82535854John Singleton CopleyColonial painter who studied and worked in Britain
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Chapter 8 terms

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202135405George WashingtonHe pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (1754) by the French. He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel. Left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States. Took office (Apr.30, 1789) in New York City.
202135406William HoweEnglish General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. He did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.
202135407Nathaniel GreeneWas a colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles. Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.
202135408Benedict ArnoldHe was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.
202135409John BurgoyneWas a British general that submitted a plan for invading New York state from Canada. He was then given charge of the army. Though defeated, he advanced troops near Lake Champlain to near Albany. He surrendered at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777. This battle helped to bring France into the war as an ally for the United States, this has been called one of the decisive battles of history
202135410Charles CornwallisWas a British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777. He made his mark on history, even though he could never ensure an overall British win over the Americans. He had many individual victories and losses against the Americans in the American Revolution and will always be remembered as a great and powerful general.
202135411Thomas PaineWas a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. He had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.
202135412Barry St. LegerWas a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, he was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced him to retreat to Canada.
202135413George Rogers ClarkFrontiersman, he led the seizing of 3 British forts in 1777 and led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.
202135414Richard Henry LeeWas a member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.
202135415Horatio GatesStarted in the English army and worked his way up through the ranks. Latter during the revolution he turned sides and was appointed to take charge of the Continental army of the North. One of his accomplishments was his victory at Saratoga. His career in the army ended when he lost to General Charles Cornwallis.
202135416John Paul JonesThe commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman, helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777, brought war into the water of the British seas.
202135417Thomas JeffersonWas a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war. With his Declaration of Independence he declared the colonies' freedom from England. While President, he bought the Louisiana Purchase and had Lewis and Clark to explore it.
202135418Marquis de LafayetteA wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.
202135419Admiral de GrasseOperated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and he blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.
202135420Patrick HenryWas a fiery lawyer during revolutionary War times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775. This quote is a symbol of American patriotism still today. After the American Revolution, he served two terms as governor of Virginia and was also instrumental in the development of the Bill of Rights.
202135421Comte de RochambeauCommanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.
202135422John JayWas the First Chief Justice of the United States, and also an American statesman and jurist. Elected to the Continental Congress, he also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain, ending the American Revolution. Serving as governor of New York State from 1795 to 1801, he was a advocate of a strong national government. Appointed by Washington, he negotiated a settlement when was w/ Britain threatened due to controversies over the Treaty of Paris: it became known as Jay's Treaty.
202135423MercenariesA mercenary is a person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's George III hired soldiers to fight in the British army against Americans.
202135424Natural RightsThe theory that people are born with certain "natural rights." Some say these rights are anything people do in the pursuit of liberty--as long as the rights of others are not impeded.
202135425PrivateeringPrivately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution, 1775-1783).
202135426Second Continental CongressMet in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over.
202135427Common SenseWritten in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.
202135428Declaration of IndependenceFormally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. This "shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.
202135429Loyalists/ToriesA colonist in the new world who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution.
202135430Patriots/WhigsName given to party of patriots of the new land resisting England prior to the Declaration of Independence.
202135431Treaty of Paris of 1783The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.
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