| 218542428 | Bering Land Bridge | a land bridge between Russia and Alaska that formed during the Ice Age. This allowed a group of natives to cross over and populate the Americas. | |
| 218542429 | Hunters and Gatherers | groups of people who get their food hunting roaming herds of animals or gathering plants for food | |
| 218542430 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. Had 100 foot tall pyramid. | |
| 218542431 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | |
| 218542432 | Aztecs | The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521. | |
| 218542433 | Mayas | A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization from before the birth of Jesus until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids. | |
| 218542434 | The Black Death | - was a plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. Really hurt Europe possibly triggered desire to leave. | |
| 218542435 | The Price Revolution | Major economic upheaval in Europe due to doubling of money supply. Coins were cheaply mass-produced causing inflation, thus starvation. The cost of luxury items rose less in comparison of basic food; the poor were decimated. | |
| 218542436 | Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | |
| 218542437 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who sailed to the Caribbean trying to find a western route to Asia | |
| 218542438 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | |
| 218542439 | Pueblo Revolt | This event, which occurred on August 10, 1680, in modern-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, was the most successful uprising against Spanish authority in the New World. The Native Americans took over the governor's residence as their own and remained there to protect their land. Spain was unable to reclaim its New Mexico colony for nearly 50 years. | |
| 218542440 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans | |
| 218542441 | Mercantilism | the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys | |
| 218542442 | English Reformation | result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom | |
| 218542443 | The Puritans | They were a group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church. Their ideas started with John Calvin in the 16th century and they first began to leave England in 1608. Later voyages came in 1620 with the Pilgrims and in 1629, which was the Massachusetts Bay Colony. | |
| 218542444 | Jamestown | The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop. | |
| 218542445 | Roanoke | Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. | |
| 218542446 | New Amsterdam | a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island | |
| 218542447 | Joint Stock Companies | these organizations were the forerunners to modern corporations, formed to accrue funding for colonization through the sale of public stock; by 1600 the English crown and Parliament were reluctant to spend money on risky colonization attempts after fighting the Spanish for a position in N. America; these companies dominated English colonization during the seventeenth century. | |
| 218542448 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. | |
| 218542449 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. | |
| 218542450 | Headright System | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | |
| 218542451 | Pocahontas | A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations. | |
| 218542452 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. | |
| 218542453 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. | |
| 218542454 | "City on a Hill" | what John Winthrop said that their Puritan model societies based on Christian principles should be (better than everyone else's societies.) | |
| 218542455 | Roger Williams | A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants. | |
| 218542456 | Ann Hutchinson | Expelled from the colony for questioning Puritan ministers teachings on pre-destination; preached "free grace"; went to RI | |
| 218542457 | King Phillip's War | War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites. | |
| 218542458 | New Spain | Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s | |
| 218542459 | Middle Grounds | English were "fathers" and settled disputes, participated in indian ceremonies, and offer gifts; dissapeared as settelment increased | |
| 218542460 | James Ogelthorpe | Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life | |
| 218542461 | The navigation acts | Parliament passed laws to ensure that only England benefited from trade with the colonies, such as shipping certain products exclusively to England. Colonists were angry because they were forbidden to trade with other colonies, but many colonists ignored these laws or found ways to get around them. | |
| 218542462 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. Andros was put there to enforce the Navigation Acts. | |
| 218542463 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England. Sent there to enforce the Navigation Acts | |
| 218542464 | Indentured Servitude | the system of temporary servitude, where young men and women bound themselves to masters for fixed terms of servitude (four to five years), in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America. | |
| 218542465 | Midwifery | One of the jobs during the colonial period that women were allowed to have. Looked down upon in society | |
| 218542466 | The Royal African Company | Slave trading monopoly based in London, until it opened up to all independent merchants, which soon caused hundreds of ships from all over England to compete with those in London, and the number of slaves in North America skyrocketed. | |
| 218542467 | Humoralism | was an idea popularized by the Roman physician Galen, who believed that the human body contained four humors, or body fluids; yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm, and in a healthy body these four humors existed in balance, and if they did not one must be gotten rid of. | |
| 218542468 | Hugenots | originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists, later the official title for members of the Reformed religion, Calvinists | |
| 218542469 | The Middle Passage | the long journey that slaves from Africa had to take to the Americas, when many of them were crammed together, and chained in the bowels of slave ships and supplied with little food and water. | |
| 218542470 | cash crops | crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit | |
| 218542471 | Boom-Bust Cycle | A pattern of population growth in which exponential growth leads to a period when the population exceeds its carrying capacity, causing the population to decrease rapidly or crash | |
| 218542472 | Iron Act of 1750 | an English parliamentary regulation that restricted metal processing in the colonies because the British did not want colonists manufacturing goods so much as making raw materials | |
| 218542473 | Triangle Trade | the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back | |
| 218542474 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. | |
| 218542475 | Salem Witch Trials | Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. (1692) | |
| 218542476 | The Great Awakening | religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people | |
| 218542477 | Jeremaids | Type of sermon that Puritan preachers used to scold the people for their waning purity and warn them about hell | |
| 218542478 | Evangelists | The four evangelists refers to the authors of the four gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The word evangelist means "one who proclaims in word and deed the good news of Jesus Christ." | |
| 218542479 | Jonathan Edwards | The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners. | |
| 218542480 | The Enlightenment | a new age of reason in which people discussed how governments and social institutions could be based upon rational understanding (1700s) | |
| 218542481 | Smallpox Innoculation | The growing amount of scientific advancements allowed the first inoculations to take place in the 1720s against smallpox, following on an example from England. | |
| 218542482 | New Light vs. Old Light | Essentially those that were in favor of the reformations of the First Great Awakening and those like Jonathan Edwards that were against it and wanted to preserve the old ways | |
| 218542483 | Poor Richard's Almanac | First published in 1732. Written by Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice (the saying, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," first appeared in this almanac). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies. | |
| 218542484 | French and Indian War | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. Because after British had forced colonists to help fight and house British troops. | |
| 218542485 | Sugar Act of 1764 | Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies. | |
| 218542486 | Currency Act of 1764 | the colonies faced a chronic shortage of money, which kept going out to pay debts in England. To meet the shortage they issued their own money but the British creditors feared payment in such a depreciated currency. This act prohibited the colonies from printing money which resulted in a decline in the value of the existing paper money, since nobody was obligated to accept it. This plus new duties and stricter enforcement jolted a colonial economy already suffering a post war decline. Passed under Grenville. | |
| 218542487 | Stamp Act of 1765 | Parliament's first direct tax on the Colonies; taxed newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, dice and playing cards. Was used to fund British military efforts. | |
| 218542488 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Established as a result of the French and Indian War. | |
| 218542489 | Paxton Boy's | Scots-Irish led a revolt on Philadelphia in 1764, it was a march protesting the Quaker Oligarchy's lenient policy towards the Indians. Also savagely murdered 20 native americans | |
| 218542490 | George Greenville | Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted other taxes the colonists found unbearable | |
| 218542491 | Iroquois Confederacy | Also known as the "League of Peace and Power", the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Longhouse" this is a group that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. When Europeans first arrived in North America, they were based in what is now the northeastern United States primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York. Widely regarded as the most powerful of all Indian tribes during French and British colonization. | |
| 218542492 | Anglo-French Wars | These disagreements in Europe allowed the colonies to see that they could be self-sufficient. Occurred from the early 1700's to the mid 1700's. | |
| 218542493 | The "Virginia Resolves" | Declarations by the Virginia House of Burgesses that said all colonists had the same rights as Englishmen, and Englishmen could only by taxed under their own representation. | |
| 218542494 | Mutiny Act of 1765 | Passed as an attempt by the Grenville ministry to gain more authority in the colonies. The act required colonist to aid provision and maintain the British army. | |
| 218542495 | Townsend Duties | were new taxes on various goods imported to the colonies from England [lead, paint, paper, and tea]. It was the second of two measures that Townsend steered through Parliament in 1767. The new duties were no more acceptable to the colonists than the Stamp Act was | |
| 218542496 | Nonimportation Agreement | An act signed by 200 merchants pledging not ro buy any British goods until Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, colonial merchants and planters signed these agreements to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the townshed acts | |
| 218542497 | Virtual vs. Actual Representation | Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. | |
| 218542498 | Tea Act of 1773 | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party (with date) | |
| 218542499 | The Tea Party | (1773) Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre. | |
| 218542500 | The Coercive Acts | These five Acts passed by Parliament in 1774 closed Boston Harbor, pohibited town meetings, and revoked the Massachusetts charter, making the Colony completely government by England. They also included a stronger Quartering Act. An unrelated act that is tied to these acts is the Quebec Act, which gave Canadians more rights, more French rights including provisions on Catholicism, as well as giving Quebec more land. These acts enraged Massachusetts, by design, but also enraged the other colonies which surprised the British | |
| 218542501 | First and Second Continental Congress | Set up a boycott on British goods and set up for second continental congress. ---adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Acted as the de facto U.S. national government during the Revolutionary War by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties | |
| 218542502 | Minutemen | companies of civilian soldiers who boasted that they were ready to fight on a minute's notice | |
| 218542503 | Thomas Paine's Common Sense | 1776- Paine argued for independence, directly attacking allegiance to the monarchy, refocusing hostility previously vented on Parliament. The pamphlet was published anonymously in Philadelphia. He proved himself the consummate Revolutionary rhetorician. The Common sense of the matter, it seemed, was that King George III bore the responsibility for the malevolence toward the colonist. Before Paine, few colonists thought Independence was an option. | |
| 218542504 | Lexington and Concord | General Gage sends 700 armed troops to Concord to gather all fire arms. So Paul Revere and others sound the alarm. Then a small amount of minute men interrcept British and Lexington. A stand off occurs until "the shot heard around the world". After succeeding at Lexington, the British continue to Concord. But at Concord there is no arsenal. The colonists suprise them on thier way back, causing a defecit to the British. | |
| 218542505 | Common Sense | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the colonists that it was time to become independent. | |
| 218542506 | Articles of Confederation | Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789 | |
| 218542507 | Battle of Bunker Hill | At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill. | |
| 218542508 | Yorktown | the last major engagement/battle of the war. Washington's armies along with the French naval fleet under de Grasse surrounded British general Charles Cornwallis and received his surrender It ended major engagements in the colonies, thus putting an "end" to the war. | |
| 218542509 | Cowpens | when Greene separated British troops into multiple contingents, one of them was ambushed, on January 17,1781, but when reinforcements arrived the Patriots were able to defeat the British at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. | |
| 218542510 | patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line | |
