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Chapter 15- The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion Politics, Religion, and War In 1559 France and Spain signed the Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis, which ended the long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars. Spain was the victor. Spanish governments ruled in Sicily, Naples, and Milan, and Spanish influence was strong in the Papal States and Tuscany. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended an era of dynastic wars and initiated a period of conflicts in which politics and religion played the dominant roles. Religious passions conditioned the mindsets of all elements of European society. Wars of late sixteenth century differed considerably from earlier wars. Check out Phillip II The use of gunpowder altered the nature of war and popular attitudes toward it.
