foundations review vocabulary(2-8)
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| 97660758 | Neolithic | the last division of the stone age, immediately preceding the development of metallurgy and correspondance to the ninth-fifth millenia BCE. Characterized by the domestication of animals, cultivation of crops, established agraicultural communities, and pottery and writing | 0 | |
| 97660759 | innovation | the explanation that similar cultual traits, techniques, or objects found among different groups of people were invented independently, rather than spread from one group to another | 1 | |
| 97660760 | diffusion | the spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another | 2 | |
| 97660761 | Ziggurat | A temple of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a blue shrine at the top, the color of the sky | 3 | |
| 97660762 | Bas relief | in sculpture, relief, the design projects only slightly from the background, and the outlines are not undercut | 4 | |
| 97660763 | pictogram | a pictorial symbol or design representing an object or concept | 5 | |
| 98224632 | cuneiform | a writing system in use in the ancient near East from around the end of the fourth millennium to the first century B.C.E. The earliest examples are in Sumerian. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made by pressing the slanted edges of a stylus into soft clay | 6 | |
| 98224633 | ideogram | a character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than its name. Languages such as Chinese use ideograms | 7 | |
| 98224634 | Polis | The city-state of ancient Greece. It comprised not only of the town, which was usually walled with a citadel (acropolis) and a market place (agora), but also the surrounding countryside. Ideally, the Polis comprised the citizens, who could reside in either town or country | 8 | |
| 98224635 | hieroglyph | the characters in a writing system based on the use of pictograms or ideograms. In ancient Egypt, hieroglyphs were largely used for monumental inscriptions. The symbols depict people, animals, and objects, which represent words, syllables, or sounds | 9 | |
| 98224636 | Zimbabwe | Stone-walled enclosures or building built during the African iron Age in the region of modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The structures were the courts of local rulers. they have been associated with foreign trade, integrated farming, and animal husbandry, and gold production | 10 | |
| 98224637 | hegemony | the predominance of one unit over others in a group, for example one state in a confederation. It can also apply to the rule of an empire over its subject peoples, when the foreign government is exercised with their substantial consent | 11 | |
| 98224638 | dominance | the imposition of alien government through force, as opposed to hegemony | 12 | |
| 98224639 | Balance of power | In international relations, a policy that aims to secure peace by preventing any one state or alignment of states from becoming too dominant. alliances are formed in order to build up a force equal or superior to that of the potential enemy | 13 | |
| 98224640 | satrapy | a province or colony in the Achaemenid or Persian Empire ruled by a satrap or governor. Darius I completed the division of the empire into provinces, and established 20 satrapies with their annual tributes. The term satrapy can also refer to the period of a rule of a satrap | 14 | |
| 98224641 | Agora | a central feature of ancient Greek town planning. it's chief function was as a town market, but it also became the main social and political meeting place. together with the acropolis, it normally housed the most important buildings of the town. Later, the Roman forums fulfilled this function | 15 | |
| 98236885 | Deme | A rural district or village in ancient Greece, or its members or inhabitants. the demes were a constituent part of the Polis but had their own corporations with the police powers, and their own cults, officials, and property | 16 | |
| 98236886 | Hoplite | A heavily armored foot soldier of ancient Greece whose function was to fight in close formation, usually in ranks of eight men. Each soldier carried a heavy bronze shield, a short iron sword, and a long spear for thrusting | 17 | |
| 98236887 | Sophist | An itinerant professor of higher education in ancient Greece, who gave instructions for a fee. the subjects taught, which included oratory, grammar, ethics, mathematics, and literature, had practical aim of equipping pupils for successful careers | 18 | |
| 98236888 | realpolitik | a German term meaning practical politics, that is , a policy determined by expediency rather than by ethical or ideological considerations | 19 | |
| 98236889 | Pax Romana | the "Roman Peace" that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman empire from the reign of Augustus to that of Marcus Aurelius enforced by Roman rule and military control | 20 | |
| 98236890 | Republic | a state that is not ruled by a dereditary leader, but by a person appointed under the donstitution | 21 | |
| 98236891 | Centuries | the smallest unit of the roman army, each composed of some 100 foot-soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of some 60 centuries. Centuries also formed political divisions of Roman citizens | 22 | |
| 98236892 | Quaestor | A junior official in ancient rome. there were originally two, elected annually, but more were appointed as the empire expanded. Most were financial officials. | 23 | |
| 98236893 | consul | under Roman republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the senate and elected by the citizens in the Comitia Centuriata (popular assembly) the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other | 24 | |
| 98236894 | Tribune | in ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by the plebians and charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the senate | 25 | |
| 98236895 | plebian | a citizen of ancient Rome who was not a member of the privileged patrician class. From the later Republican period, the term plebian implied low social class | 26 | |
| 98236896 | paterfamilias | the head of a family or household in Roman law-always a male-and the only member to havetriumvirate full legal rights. The paterfamilias had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death | 27 | |
| 98236897 | triumvirate | an unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 BCE after Caesar's murder in 44 BCE a triumvirate that included his heir Octavian(Augustus), Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus was appointed to maintain public order | 28 | |
| 98236898 | praetor | In ancient Rome, the name was originally applied to the consul as a leader of an army. In 366 BCE a further praetor was elected with special responsibility for the administration of justice in Rome, with the right of military command. Further praetors were subsequently appointed to administer the increasing number of provinces | 29 | |
| 98236899 | monophysites | The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering. | 30 | |
| 98236900 | themes | A theme was originally a military unit stationed in one of the provinces of the Byzantine empire, but it later applied to the large military districts that formed buffer zones in the areas most vulnerable to Muslim invasion | 31 | |
| 98236901 | Iconoclast | An "image breaker" or a person who rejects the veneration of icons, on the grounds that the practice is idolatrous | 32 | |
| 98236902 | legalism | Hanfeizi-A school of Chinese philosophy that came into prominence during the period of the warring states and had a great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. Legalists took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely | 33 | |
| 98236903 | sinicization | The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs and culture. | 34 | |
| 98236904 | assimilation | the process by which different ethnic groupls lose their distinctive cultural identity through contact with the dominant culture of a society, and gradually become absorbed and integrated into it. | 35 | |
| 98236905 | Indo-Aryan | A sub-group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European group of languages, also called Indic, and spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Bangledesh, and Pakistan. The Indo-Aryan languages descend from Sanskrit, the sacred language of Hinduism | 36 | |
| 98236906 | Janapada | A large political district in India, beginning about 700 BCE | 37 | |
| 98236907 | guild | an organization of workers in a trade or craft that set standards and protected the interests of its members | 38 | |
| 98236908 | Tribals | the aboriginal peoples of th indian sub-continent, who are outside the caste system and live quite seperately from the rest of society, generally in remote places | 39 |
