AP Biology Vocabulary
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration-Harvesting Chemical Energy
Campbell Reece (8th edition)
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| a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen; a catabolic process | ||
| a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel | ||
| the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP; but it is also a synonym for aerobic respiration | ||
| a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel; the most efficient catabolic pathway | ||
| the loss of electrons from a substance | ||
| the addition of electrons to a substance | ||
| oxidation-reduction reactions | ||
| the electron acceptor | ||
| a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain | ||
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP | ||
| refers to the process of a molecule being covalently bonded to a phosphate group | ||
| occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate | ||
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration | ||
| the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration; electron transport and chemiosmosis; "industrial" way of making ATP | ||
| The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism; occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle | ||
| the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme | ||
| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor (any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme) | ||
| an electron carrier; a coenzyme derived from riboflavin, a B vitamin | ||
| the compartment in mitochondria that is enclosed by the intermembrane space | ||
| inner foldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria | ||
| The narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria | ||
| an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells | ||
| An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient generating a membrane potential in the process | ||
| a gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane | ||
| the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP | ||
| the diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential | ||
| the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis | ||
| A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells | ||
| An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it | ||
| An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it | ||
| an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present | ||
| a type of fermentation where the pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps | ||
| a type of fermentation where the pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 | ||
| a metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA | ||
| an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
