Plants: Chapters and 35-39

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This set is meant to help anyone studying and/or reviewing information fundamental to understanding the diversity of land plants and their colonization of the Earth.

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	Land Plants are closely related to this green algae.
	Land plants and charophytes have this organic compound-saving organelle.
	Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses belong to what taxon of plants?
	This arrangement of microtubules connects the nuclei of two plant daughter cells.
	Charophytes are the ancestral algae that gave rise to land plants. True or false?
	This algae lives on the threshold of land in lakes and ponds.
	This polymer protects the spores of charophytes and land plants from dehydrating.
	Alternation of Generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos), walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gamentangia, and apical meristems are common characteristics of this Kingdom of Eukaryotes.
	This polyester and wax coat prevents the excessive loss of water in plants. It also provides some protection from microbial infection.
	The earliest land plants had roots and leaves. True or false?
	The earliest land plants established this kind of symbiotic relationship with fungi for nutrients.
	These "stock" nutrients are made by plants for protection against predators and microbes.
	In this plant's life cycle, the sporophyte has an ovule cone and pollen cone.
	Bryophytes have vascular tissue. True or false?
	This branch or stem is connected to the main stem by the node.
	Plants are anchored into the ground by this organ system.
	This type of root system is characterized by a main shaft that has lateral shoots coming off of it.
	This is the foremost layer of cells on the root. It protects the apical meristem in the root tip and grows by sensing electrical fields around it.
	This organ system is the main photosynthetic operator of vascular plants.
	Cells move in plants. True or false?
	This type of cell is dead upon maturity and contributes to the structure of a plant.
	This is the stem area between nodes.
	This type of root system is characterized by thin roots that are meant for moist environments. They are found commonly in ferns and monocots.
	These epidermal cell extensions increase the surface area of the root systems in plants and are often associated with the symplast.
	This kind of bud is located between two stem shoots.
	This is otherwise known as the reproductive shoot of the plant.
	These types of roots are derived from stems or leaves.
	This kind of leaf is characterized by a petiole and a blade.
	These kind of plants have two cotyledons and branching veins.
	When classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may refer to a "morgue" of this plant organ.
	The topmost apical bud of a plant is the non-dormant apical bud. True or false?
	These roots facilitate oxygen take up.
	These kind of plants have one cotyledon and parallel veins.
	These roots provide considerable support to plants. Some can grow several feet tall.
	This type of cell is commonly found throughout the plant, is simple in structure, and is relatively unreinforced when compared to the other two cell types.
	These tissues are parts of the vascular system.
	Differentiated cells divide by mitosis to reproduce. True or false?
	These are the three meristem types.
	These hair-like structures are found on epidermal cells and contribute a defensive structure against predators and water loss.
	These two kinds of modified stems lie horizontally on the ground and have long internodes.
	These modified leaves have the ability to capture and digest insects.
	This dermal tissue is an older woody tissue.
	The protoderm, procambium, and ground meristems are all part of this meristem.
	This kind of meristem is found in woody plants and contributes to secondary growth.
	This primary growth zone is the finally resting place for developing cells.
	Xylem is the innermost vascular tissue to the pith in the vascular system. True or false?
	The apical bud is otherwise known as this.
	The leaf and bundle scars have corresponding arrangements of vascular bundles in the petiole. True or false?
	These kind of roots absorb water from the air.
	These kind of modified roots store large quantities of water.
	These modified leaves can independently reproduce full-fledged plants.
	These modified leaves are commonly found in desert plants, reduce water loss, and protect the plant from predators.
	Sieve tubes, sieve plates, and companion cells comprise this type of vascular tissue.
	This cell type is found mainly in xylem tissue.
	This tissue layer is found in the center of roots and stems.
	This plant is the "lab rat" for botanists. It has a short life cycle, a small genome, and is frequently used for experiments in biotechnology.
	This regulatory structure controls the absorption of water and carbon dioxide from the air.
	This process is defined as the cooling of a plant during photosynthesis and during hot weather.
	This is the central-most layer found in the plant. It is known as the heartwood in woody plants.
	Vascular Cylinders are found in stems. True or false?
	This lateral meristem produces the vascular tissues.
	This embryonic stem or axis is located between the cotyledon(s) and the radicle, or roots, of an embryonic plant.
	This modified leaf is known as a bract in angiosperms.
	The cells of cork cambium grow inward. Correct or incorrect?
	These symbionts live both in and out of the root epidermal cells of many plants. They metabolize nitrogen into ammonia.
	This layer is composed of the cork layer and the cork cambium.
	These types of plants have scattered vascular bundles in their stems.
	Tracheids and vessel elements comprise this vascular layer.
	Translocation, or bulk flow, occurs in this vascular layer.
	The root tip is able to penetrate deeper into soil by "sensing" electrical fields. True or false?
	This dome-shaped mass of dividing cells is located at the tip of a shoot.
	These type of buds originate from meristematic cells to the left of the bases of leaf primordia.
	This vascular layer originates as a secondary layer, and it is located closest to the cork layer of the plant. It is considered to be a part of the bark.
	This is the study of plant growth and plant aging by observing the layers of a plant.
	Spongy mesophyll is a layer of densely packed cells that mainly performs photosynthesis for a leaf. True or false?
	In a vascular bundle, the vascular tissues are arranged from topmost to bottommost in what order?
	Differentiation of cells into patterned tissues and organs is known as?
	Hormones are needed in relatively small amounts when signaling for a defensive response to herbivores. True or false?
	Chlorosis results when this ion is unavailable for the production of chlorophyll.
	The displacement of nutrients in the soil requires this cation.
	Ions and nutrients that take this route will eventually need to enter the nearest symplastic cell to be pumped across the casparian strip.
	When large macromolecules like sucrose are transported for storage, the receiving cell will likely need to use this kind of active transport method to get the sucrose across.
	This method of soil remediation uses genetically modified plants to absorb pollutants out of the soil and into areas of the plant that can be removed with out harming the plant.
	Bulk flow is otherwise known as this.
	Hormones travel in this vascular tissue for hormonal signaling.
	When a potted plant is placed on its side, the hormone auxin will occupy the upper layer of the roots, and they will inhibit the growth of cells in the vicinity and let the lower layer of the root grow against gravity. True or false?
	In bulk flow, this route is used to move water and sugars directly into the phloem.
	This recent layer of accrued humus, sediments, biota, and decayed leaves is otherwise known as the topsoil.
	This kind of study uses selected nutrients and minerals to test for possible deficiencies in plants.
	These kind of essential nutrients are needed in smaller amounts.
	A plant lacking calcium may not be able to complete a signal transduction pathway that would otherwise signal this response.
	In plants, carbon and oxygen are almost exclusively derived from this organic compound.
	These symbiotic fungi are found in the symplasts of root cells.
	Unlike the endomycorrhizae, these symbiotic mycorrhizae are found in the apoplasts of root cells.
	These kind of plants are not to be confused as parasitic; they live on other plants without causing any harm or providing any benefit.
	These carnivorous plants are photoheterotrophs that feed on insects and other small animals.
	Despite their holiday appeal, these parasitic plants live off of oaks and other trees.
	When angiosperms reproduce by way of alternation of generations, they give rise to a dominant gametophyte generation and a reduced, dependent sporophyte generation. True or false?
	These flowering plants have petal arrangements by four's or five's.
	When a flower has a stamen but no carpel, it is thought of as what?
	A flower that does not have all of its parts is thought of as this.
	When the gametophytes are being produced, these "mother-spores" are produced from the sporangia.
	This phenomena occurs when the root pressure is greater than the transpirational pull in leaves. It results in the accumulation of water droplets on the surface of the leaf.
	This macronutrient is essential for the production of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, and several coenzymes.
	When a plant lacks in this macronutrient, it experiences deficiencies in water balance and protein production.
	This macronutrient is essential for disulfide-bridges in plant proteins, enzymes and coenzymes.
	Mistletoe is classified as this alternative metabolic plant that derives its food by absorbing sugars and nutrients from other plants. They are known to cause harm to oak trees.
	These metabolically modified plants feed on small insects for nitrogen; they do this to make up for the poor nitrogen content in the soil they live in.
	This angiosperm reproductive structure produces the sporocytes that will eventually divide by meiosis into microspores and megaspores.
	A flower that has both male and female reproductive organs is known as this.
	A flower that reproduces only with male or female reproductive organs is known as this.
	This reproductive process is "pure" asexual reproduction; the angiosperm does not require an egg or a sperm to make the seed and fruit. Dandelions reproduce in this manner.
	The order of the four floral parts is this.
	Self-fertilization in inbreeding angiosperms relies on the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. True or false?
	In the production of spores, this is the order of cell division from sporangia to spore.
	This is the ploidy level of the sporocyte.
	The megasporocyte surrounds the megasporangium in the ovule. True or false?
	The production of the female embryo sac involves the triple mitotic division of this structure.
	This term refers to the production of two different gamete types, which are the egg and the sperm cells.
	How many megaspores die before the egg is made?
	The final nuclei count is this when the embryo sac is finally set.
	How many polar nuclei are needed to combine with the sperm to produce the triploid endosperm?
	How many cells are produced during the production of the embryo sac?
	This layer eventually develops from the integument of the ovule.
	This cell anchors the suspensor and the embryo to the plant parent.
	When the environmental conditions are prime for germination, the seed will absorb water. What is this process called?
	Megasporocytes produce this many megaspores.
	In the male gametophyte, the generative cell will produce this structure and the nucleus will produce this structure. List the answers in order with a comma.
	These two cells attach the egg to the megasporangium of the ovule.
	This outer layer of cells is found between the megasporocyte and the integument layer of the ovule.
	The ovule develops into this structure after fertilization.
	This protective outer layer develops from the ovary. It is often eaten by animals.
	Seed dormancy can be broken by this process of water take up.
	These are the three possible stimuli that can initiate germination of the plant.
	This is the young root structure of a new sporophyte angiosperm.
	This is the outermost floral part of a plant.
	An angiosperm that has many flowers arranged on one stalk is thought of as this flower arrangement concept.
	This is the emerging shoot of a germinating seed.
	In dicots, the endosperm is in the open space of the seed. True or false?
	The development of the endosperm is in this order, respectively.
	The cotyledon is otherwise known as this in monocot plant seeds.
	These structures are the first to come out of a monocot seed.
	In dicot embryos, these nutrient-storing organs are already developed before they breach the seed coat.
	When imbibition is initiated, this hormone is released to signal the aleuron, (outer part of the endosperm), which will induce the hydrolysis of starch to sugar. The process is the beginning stage of germination.
	This rudimentary organ is the shoot that grows from the cotyledons and forms the first foliage leaves of the new sporophyte angiosperm.
	In monocot embryos, this developing shoot structure gives rise to the foliage leaf.
	In developing dicot plant embryos, this structure feeds the developing plant embryo until it has fully developed the first foliage leaves.
	This is the outermost layer of the fruit develops from the ovary of a fruit.
	Most fruits grow from a single carpel or several fused carpels that grow into this kind of fruit. Examples are pea pods and lemons.
	This kind of fruit has fruitlets that are derived from single carpels. Examples are raspberries, strawberries and blackberries.
	This kind of fruit is made by inflorescent flowers. Examples are mulberries and pineapples.
	A fruit is referred to as this when it is made of other floral parts and the ovary included. An example is an apple.
	This kind of fruit has a fleshy inner zone of the ovarian wall and a leathery out later that is derived from accessory structures. Examples are apples and pears.
	This kind of fruit is derived entirely from the ovary and is fleshy. Examples are tomatoes, grapes, avocados, and cranberries.
	This hormone is produced virtually in every kind of plant cell and is transported in both the xylem and phloem. It inhibits growth and early germination and promotes stomatal closure during drought stress, seed dormancy, leaf senescence (apoptosis), and desiccation tolerance.
	The inner ovarian layer is hard in this kind of fruit, but fleshy in the outer ovarian layer. Examples are peaches, cherries, coconuts and walnuts.
	Dandelion parachutes are designed to be dispersed by this natural force.
	This method of seed dispersal utilizes animals.
	If a plant can regrow from a severed segment of the original plant, it is classified as having this kind of asexual reproduction.
	The most effective and most common prevention of self-fertilization is this.
	This method of producing hybrid plants involves the transplanting of various parts of a plant and combining the parts to the complementary site of another plant. This is ideal for horticulturists interested in making new decorative plants or plants beneficial to agriculture.
	This hormone regulates cell division in roots and shoots, modifies apical dominance, promotes lateral bud growth and movement of nutrients into sink tissues, stimulate seed germination, and delay leaf senescence (apoptosis). It is mostly produced in the roots and shoots, but it is also produced in smaller amounts in various parts of the plant.
	This kind of plant reproduction is used in mass production of plants with reproductive leafs; cells or parts of the leaves are grown on culture in vitro.
	When horticulturists utilize cell wall-degrading enzymes for hybridization of plant cells, the process of hybridization is known as this.
	This is otherwise known as a response to light.
	This hormone is produced primarily in the apical meristem of shoots or young leaves. It stimulates stem elongation, promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots, regulates fruit development, enhances apical dominance, functions in phototropism and gravitropism, promotes vascular differentiation, and retards abscission.
	In signaling transduction pathways, cGMP and calcium ions are known as this.
	When a signal for a certain cellular response is sent, enzymes can be activated in these two possible ways.
	This hormone is produced in all plant tissues, but it has "intermediates" that are characteristic of certain organs. It promotes cell expansion and cell division in shoots, root growth at low concentrations, xylem differentiation, seed germination, pollen tube elongation, and inhibits phloem differentiation and root growth at high concentrations.
	This hormone promotes the ripening of fruit, leaf abscission, the triple response in seedlings, root hair formation, flowering in the pineapple family, lateral expansion, horizontal growth, inhibits stem elongation, and enhances the rate of senescence.
	This hormone is produced mainly made in apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds. They stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, seed development and germination, regulate sex determination and transition from juvenile to adult phases.
	Any chemical that is known to promote elongation of the coleoptile is known as an auxin. True or false?
	This hormone is well known for the stimulation of cytokinesis in plant cell division in fruits, embryos, and roots.
	This hormone promotes the increase of acid in cells.
	Together, cytokinin, auxin, and other factors suppress these structures that are found between the node of a plant.
	In the dermal layer, this tissue is not woody, but it is the outermost layer of the dermal layer.
	This kind of modified stem is designed to store large amounts of food for the plant. An example is a potato.
	This meristematic layer is associated with the pith and has all three cell types found in it.
	In sclerenchyma cells, this component is long and slender.
	This kind of plant can grow for years before its life ends.
	Hormone mimics or actual plant hormones can be stimulated by bug larvae, bacteria, and nematodes to produce this seemingly cancerous mass in plants.
	This hormone is produced in areas with apical meristem. It is also common in stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination.
	This derivative of steroids affects cell elongation and photomorphogenesis.
	This gaseous hormone is a two-carbon structure hydrocarbon. It is made in response to injury, stress, and infection.
	In stem growth, the coleoptile senses this light color and grows in its direction.
	The receptors for light are generically known as this.
	Secondary messengers are commonly used in transduction to this end.
	This kind of receptor relays messages for hypocotyl elongation, opening of the stomata, and phototropism.
	This kind of light inhibits germination and other plant activity.
	When a phytochrome absorbs far red light, its physical state changes to this state.
	When a Pfr phytochrome is changed to the Pr state, it is absorbing this kind of light.
	This is the stimulation of morphogenesis in response to light.
	When a botanist wants to stimulate or to enhance growth of a plant, they will want to use brassinosteroids coupled with gibberellins. True or false?
	If a food company had tomatoes delivered unripened, what hormone would they need to use to ripen the tomatoes?
	This hormone is important in maintaining seed dormancy.
	This light receptor is important for a plant to "stay on course" with the sun.
	This molecule is important for plants in signaling for defense throughout the plant.
	When one talks about aspirin, they are indirectly referring to salicylic acid and the bark from a baobab tree. True or false?
	During a long night, a plant is first exposed to far red light then is exposed to red light. It does not flower when day comes. This is an example of what kind of plant?
	When auxin is produced in shoot apical meristem and is then sent to the roots of the plant, it is likely going to regulate this tropism.
	Botanists hypothesize that a macromolecule is responsible for the development of this organ.
	Caffeine, cocaine, heroin, and nicotine are all examples of this plant metabolite.
	Jasmonate is responsible for the stimulation of the systemin pathway that will alert a plant to injury. True or false?
	Auxin refers to any chemical that can induce a signal transduction pathway in response to light. True or false? If false, what generic chemical would actually induce a signal transduction pathway in response to light? Use a comma if needed.
	If a phytochrome does not signal for the phosphorylation of pre-existing proteins, what two processes will be involved in the alternate pathway? Separate the answers with a comma.