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| Washington's vice presi., Fed.lst, most support in New Eng., president 71:68 Electoral College (narrow margin), arist.crt, no appeal to masses & no desire, citizens re. w/ "respectful irritation;" hated by Hami. (1795 resign from treasury, head "High Federalists"~ war faction Fed.lst party, plotted vs. him, conspiracy not cabinet, call Hami. ruthless, unprincipled, & impatient); inherit violent quarrel w/ Fr.; Harvard, try lots fields before law; thought conquest Florida & Louisiana bring plaudits/ praise to Fed.lst party & maybe second term for self but put politics above party & realize war must be avoided while country weak | ||
| Washington's Secretary of State; he & Madison first organized opposition to Hamilton (lead to parties); anti-federalist, pro-Fr., Kentucky resolutions (compact theory~ in creating fed.l gov.t the states enter into "compact"/ contract re. its jurisdiction, states final judgers whether agent broke "compact" by overstepping auth. originally granted; fed.l regimes exceeded its constitutional powers & fear Federalists taking away constitutional guarantees~ Alien & Sedition Acts), states' rights, didn't want to break up union; Democratic-Republicans, lost presidential race to John Adams; aristocratic & slave-owner so traitor to own class b/c sympathy for common people; strict interpretation Constitution; agrarian (people who labor in Earth = chosen people of God), appeal to South & Southwest; democracy good (for literate men), faith in teachability of masses, universal education before universal suffrage; rather have newspapers w/o gov.t than gov.t w/o newspapers (champion free speech but suffer lots from Fed.lst papers); lib.l; focus inward & westward (protect & strengthen democracy at home, esp. in frontier beyond Appalachians); rigid economy, minimal navy for coastal defense; on epitaph said Author of Declaration of Independence & Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, Father of the University of Virginia; 10th Amendment (powers not delegated/ prohibited by Constitution to states or people) | ||
| Treasury Secretary, Federalist (1793 made effective group), critics say love country more than countrymen, favor wealthy to lend gov.t monetary & polit.cl support; new fed.l regime thrive, propertied classes fatten, & prosperity trickle down to rest; bolster nat.l credit~ need public confidence in gov.t, urge Congress "fund" entire nat.l debt "at par" (pay off debts at face value & accumulate interest~ $54+ million) & assume all debts incurred by states ($21.5 million) during war; "assumption"~ state debts re.d as nat.l obligation, believe tie them to "fed.l chariot;" support of rich for nat.l admin.tn work, Virginia didn't want DC on Potomac River (gain in commerce & prestige), get Jefferson get votes Congress for assumption & in return Virginia have fed.l district on Potomac, 1790 carried through; ultraconserv.tsm, weak legis.ure to unify nation & encourage industry, liked Brit. gov.t, Jefferson = rival (who called him a monarchial plotter); "Father of the National Debt," excise tax (whisky), The Bank of the United States; foreign trade (outward & e.ward, be successful abroad for gov.t happiness & tranquility at home | ||
| Washington's Secretary of War in cabinet | ||
| first chief justice of United States (Judiciary Act of 1789), sent by Washington to avert war to London 1794 (Jeffersonians fear Fed.lst & Anglophile sell out country), kiss queen's hand; win few concessions b/c Hamilton not want Brit. war so supply w/ details Amer.'s bargaining strategy; in his treaty~ Brit. promise evacuate U.S. chain posts (but made before to him in Paris), pay damage recent seizures Amer.n ships (not future, no Ind. arms part), forced him bind U.S. pay debts owed to Brit. merchants (pre-Rev.ry); unpopular pact vitalize Jefferson's Democratic-Republic party~ treaty like surrender to Brit. & betrayal Jeffersonian South (planters pay lots pre-Rev.ry debts, rich Fed.lst shippers collect damages for recent Brit. seizures) & Fr. hate it b/c think step toward alli. w/ Brit. & violation Fr.-Amer. Treaty 1778; his treaty compromised Washington's popularity | ||
| 30 yr. old rep.tve Fr. Republic, Charleston, find privateers & take advantage Fr.-Amer.n alli., all sail & no anchor, swept away by Jeffersonian Republicans, believe Neutrality Proclamation not reflect wishes people; recruit armies to invade Sp. Florida & Louisiana and Brit. Canada; threatened appeal over head of "Old Washington" to sovereign voters, Washington demand his w/drawl, replaced by less impulsive emissary | ||
| round Miamis @ Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794, Brit. refuse shelter fleeing Ind.s, Ind.s offer Wayne peace pipe which lead to Treaty of Greenville (Miami Confederacy give up lots Old Nw.~ most Indiana & Ohio;Ind.s get $20,000, annual annuity $9,000, right to hunt lands ceded, and hope for recognition of sovereign status ; un= relationship but Ind.s feel U.S. w/ some limits of ability to decide fate Ind. peoples) | ||
| Fr. foreign minister, who three men (inc. John Marshall) sent by John Adams hope to meet to reach agreement (Fr. after Jay's Treaty refused receive John Adams, threatened him with arrest) but XYZ demanded 32 million florin loan & bribe $250,000 to talk; Talleyrand realized to fight U.S. = add another foe, let it be known that would receive new minister w/ respect if Amer.n send one | ||
| the "Spitting Lion"~ fame by spitting in face Fed.lst, 4 months jail for writing badly about J. Adams (ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, & selfish avarice); Satirical rep.ntn illustration in book of fight in Congress vs. w/ Fed.lst rep.tve Roger Griswold | ||
| pay off debts at face value & accumulate interest~ $54+ million | ||
| Jefferson, no specific auth.ztn in Constitution for fed.l bank, all powers not for cent.l gov.t for states (10th Amendment), strict interpretation Constitution (what it did not permit it forbade), states' rights | ||
| state debts re.d as nat.l obligation, believe tie them to "fed.l chariot;" | ||
| Congress may pass any laws "necessary & proper" (Article I), to collect taxes & regu. trade; Hamilton (for est. fed.l bank), Federalists | ||
| used by Hamilton, customs duties to pay state & fed.l domestic debts and debts owed to foreigners | ||
| Jeffersonian Republicans (anti-Fed.lsts), those who labor in earth are chosen people of God, South & Sw. | ||
| 1791 Hamilton, on a few domestic items (e.g. whisky), 7 cents/ gallon levy borne/ transported by backcountry distillers, flow so freely on frontier in form distilled liquor that used for money, lead to Whisky Rebellion | ||
| Jefferson in Kentucky resolutions; Eng. philosophers 1600s & 1700s, 13 sovereign states in creating fed.l gov.t entered into a "compact"/ contract re. its jurisdiction, nat.l gov.t = agent or creation of states; water can't rise higher than source so individual states = final judgers whether agent broke "compact" by overstepping auth. originally granted | ||
| Jefferson, compact theory, conclude that fed.l regimes had exceeded its constit.tnl powers & w/ re. to Alien & Sedition Acts, a refusal to accept them, was "rightful remedy; Southerners later use Kentucky resolutions formulations of states' rights view re. Union to support ____________ & secession; Jefferson only wanted to nullify Fed.lst abuses (Founding Fathers of Union Madison or Jefferson w/ intent breaking it up) | ||
| est. by Washington, not mentioned in Constitution (in Art. II, says presi. "may require" written opinions of heads of exec.tve branch dep.ts~ cumbersome so evolve into Washington Administration); Sec. of State Jefferson, Sec. of Treasury Hamilton, & Sec. of War Knox | ||
| 1791 by Congress, chartered for 20 yr.s, Phil., to have $10 million capital (1/5 owned by fed.l gov.t), public sale stock, crowd oversubscribed in less than 2 hr.s; Hamilton propose bank modeled on Bank of Eng. (priv. instit.n w/ gov.t as major stockholder, fed.l Treasury deposit surplus monies), fed.l funds stimulate business (circulation), print needed paper money, stable nat.l currency | ||
| Madison; adopted by necessary number states 1791; first 10 amendments to Constitution; freedom relig., speech, & press; right bear arms, be tried by jury, and assemble & petition the gov.t for redress of grievances; prohibit cruel & unusual punishments & arbitrary gov.t seizure private property; 9th Amendment~ specifying certain rights not to deny others retained by people, 10th Amendment~ reserves all rights not delegated/ prohibited by Constitution to states or people; preserved strong cent.l gov.t & specify protections for minority & individual liberties make antifed.lsts happier | ||
| ·Amer.ns like start~ putting down Lous XIV (love liberty & hate despotism), think 2nd chapter own glorious rev.n, only a few untracons.rvtve Federalists (fear change, reform, & "leveling" principles) hate "despicable mobocracy" from outset; ardent/ enthusiastic Jeffersonians overjoyed; 1792 Fr. declare war on Austria~ Amer.ns enthusiastic, sing "The Marseillaise," rename st.s w/ liberty names (e.g. King St. in NY to Liberty St., in Boston, Royal Exchange Alley became Equality Lane); Federalists get mad when guillotine, church attacks, & Reign of Terror began, God-fearing; Jeffersonians regret bloodshed but can't expect to be carried from "despotism to liberty in a feather bed," & few thousand arist.crtc heads a cheap price to pay for human freedom; Brit. involved, affect expanding young Amer.n Republic | ||
| Brit. promise evacuate U.S. chain posts (but made before to him in Paris), pay damage recent seizures Amer.n ships (not future, no Ind. arms part), forced Jay bind U.S. pay debts owed to Brit. merchants (pre-Rev.ry); unpopular pact vitalize Jefferson's Democratic-Republic party~ saw as surrender to Brit. & betrayal Jeffersonian South (planters pay lots pre-Rev.ry debts, rich Fed.lst shippers collect damages for recent Brit. seizures); compromised Washington's popularity; Fr. hate it b/c think step toward alli. w/ Brit. & violation Fr.-Amer. Treaty 1778; led to unforeseen consequence~ Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 (Sp. fear Anglo-Amer.n alliance, grant Amer.ns lots they demanded~ free navigation Mississippi & large territ. n. of Florida) | ||
| Napoleon "Little Corporal" not want Amer.n squabble, want conquer, Amer.'s advtg.; Fr. agree annul 22-yr. old marriage (in)convenience, U.S. agree pay damage claims Amer.n shippers; Adams moved in part by Hami. jealousy, avoid war & smooth path for peaceful purchase Louisiana (sold to Jefferson); J. Adams popularity pricked by peace | ||
| by Washington 1793 (shortly after outbreak war between Brit. & Fr.), proclaim gov.t's official neutrality in conflict & warn Amer.n citizens be impartial toward both armed camps, first formal dec. from Old World quarrels, spread isolationist trad.tn; pro-Fr. Jeffersonians = enraged & mad Washington announce unilaterally w/o consulting Congress, pro-Brit. Fed.lsts = heartened; self-interest = basic cement alli.s, 1793 only Fr. to gain, Amer.ns didn't flout obligation b/c Fr. not call to honor, Amer.n neutrality favor Fr. (Fr. W. Indies need Yankee foodstuffs, in being neutral help Fr. by Brit. not blocking supplies); Citizen Genêt believes didn't reflect wishes of the people | ||
| sw. Penn. 1794, Hamilton's high excise tax harsh on homespun pioneers, say burden on econ.c necessity & medium exchange, cheaply transported to e. markets than grain, whisky poles & "Liberty and No Excise," tar & feather revenue officers, collections stop; Washington summon some states' militias (get 13,000) to crush "self-created societies," when reach w. Penn. hills see no insurrection, "Whisky Boys" gone, pardon 2 small-fry convicted culprits, 3 rebels killed; Washington gov.t w/ new respect but foes condemn for brutal display force (sledgehammer to crush gnat) | ||
| specifying certain rights not to deny others retained by people (people's rights not limited to those in Constitution) | ||
| Hamilton 1793 made effective group, openly advocate rule by "best people," intellectual arrogance, Tory tastes, distrust full blown democracy as fountain all mischiefs & fear "swayability" of untutored common folk; strong cent.l gov.t to crush demo.crtc excesses (e.g. Shays's Rebellion), protect lives & estates wealthy, subordinate sovereignty-loving states, & promote foreign trade; believe gov.t should support private enterprise but not interfere (merchants, manu.ers, & shippers Atlantic seaboard~ majority of Fed.lst support, few Hamiltonians inland); hostile to extension demo.crcy, powerful cent.l gov.t @ expense states' rights, loose interpretation of the Constitution, gov.t foster business, capit.lstc enterprise wealth, protective tariff, pro-Brit. conserv.tve Tory trad.tn, nat.l debt = blessing if properly funded, expanding bureaucracy, powerful cent.l bank, restrictions free speech & press, sea coastal area concentration, strong navy (to protect shippers) | ||
| reserves all rights not delegated/ prohibited by Constitution to states or people; Jefferson (used by Democrat-Republicans to advocate states' rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution) | ||
| Sp. fear Anglo-Amer.n alliance from Jay's Treaty, grant Amer.ns lots they demanded~ free navigation Mississippi & large territ. n. of Florida | ||
| Fed.lsts capitalize on anti-Fr. frenzy, Congress 1798 laws to muffle/ min.ze Jeffersonian foes; 1. aimed at pro-Jeffersonian "aliens," immigrants lacking wealth who were welcomed as voters by less prosperous & more demo.crtc Jeffersonians; raise residence req. for aliens desire become citizens from 5 yr.s to 14 yr.s; violate Amer.n open-door hospitality & speedy assimilation; 2. presi. empowered deport dangerous foreigners in time peace & deport or priseon in time hostilities, exec.ve power vs. Amer.n trad.tn & spririt Constitution; never enforced; 3. Sedition Act- "lockjaw," slap at freedom speech & press (1st Ammendment); anyone who impeded gov.t policies or falsely defame officials inc. presi. liable to heavy fine or imprisonment, Fed.lsts believe justified | ||
| 1794 General "Mad Anthony" Wayne round Miamis (alli. 8 Ind. nations, terrorize invading Amer.ns, Brit. give them firearms & firewater, Little Turtle = war chief), Brit. refuse shelter fleeing Ind.s, Ind.s offer Wayne peace pipe, Treaty of Greenville | ||
| Washington exhausted after diplomatic & partisan battles of second presidency term, decide retire, 2-term tradition (except FDR, 22nd Ammendment); printed 1796 (never delivered orally), avoid "permanent alliances," favor temporary for emergencies, est.d solid cent.l gov.t, W. expanding, merchant marine plowing seas, kept out of overseas entanglements & out wars | ||
| Jefferson fear Fed.lsts taking away other const.tnl guar.ntees & party gone (would be dictatorship), secret reso.ltns approved by Ken. Legis.ure 1798 & 1799, Madison do same in Virginia 1798; compact theory (13 states in creating fed.l gov.t entered into a "compact"/ contract re. its jurisdiction, nat.l gov.t = agent or creation of states; water can't rise higher than source so individual states = final judgers whether agent broke "compact" by overstepping auth. originally granted); Kentucky resolutions conclude that fed.l regimes had exceeded its constit.tnl powers & w/ re. to Alien & Sedition Acts, "nullification" (a refusal to accept them) was "rightful remedy;" no other state legis.ures fell into line, some refuse, others (Fed.lst states) add ringing condemnations & say people not states made original compact & up to Supreme Court not states to nullify unconstit.tnl legis.tn passed by Congress, adopted by Supreme Court 1803 (though not spec.fcly auth.zd by Constitution), brilliant formulation of states' rights view re. Union, more sweeping in implications than intended, later used by Southeners to support nullification & secession (Founding Fathers of Union Jefferson & Madison w/ no intent breaking it up, want preserve it); campaign doc.s to crystallize opposition to Fed.lst party & unseat it in presidential election 1800, Jefferson only want nullify Fed.lst abuses | ||
| weak cent.l regime, best gov.t = one that gov.ns least, bulk power retained by the states so people can keep more vigilant eye on their public servants or dictatorship might develop; cent.l auth. = kind of necessary evil & to be kept @ minimum through strict interpretation Contitution; nat.l debt = curse illegitimately bequeathed to later generations, was to be paid off; agrarians, insist should be no special privileges for special classes (esp. manu.ers); Jefferson say agri. the favored branch of econ.y & form foundation of his polit.cl thought, said those who labor in earth are chosen people of God, most followers from agri.trl South & Southwest (agri.l areas & backcountry); above all, Jefferson advocate rule of the people (but ballot choice not for every white male), gov.t for the people (only men literate enough to inform themselves & wear mantle Amer.n citizenship worthily), universal edu.tn have to precede universal suffrage, say the ignorant incapable self-gov.t but profound faith in reasonableness & teachableness of masses & in their collective wisdom when taught, landlessness threaten pop.lr demo.cry as much illiteracy (Jefferson), fear pawns in hand land-owning superiors; slavery in S. ensure white yeomen/small farmers remain independent landowners, low wages would preclude owning property; Jefferson recociled slaveholding (inc. his own) w/ more demo.crtc impulses; open-minded~ confident white, free men could become responsible & knowledgeable citizens, champion freedom speech, rather have newspapers w/o gov.t than gov.t w/o newspapers, but suffer lots from Fed.lst press; rule by informed masses, extension deom.crcy good, strict interpretation of Constitution, no special favors for business (prefer agri.), no special favors for manu.ers, pro-Fr. (radical rev.ry trad.tn), national debt bane/ curse, rigid econ.my, reduction fed.l office holders, encouragement to state banks, relatively free speech & press | ||
| first Congress create effective fed.l ct.s; organ.zd Supreme Ct. w/ chief justice & 5 associates, fed.l district & county ct.s, and est. office attorney general; Jay = first chief justice of U.S. | ||
| after defeated by General "Mad Anthony Wayne," Aug. 1795, Miami Confederacy (alli. 8 Ind. nations, terrorize invading Amer.ns, Brit. give them firearms & firewater, Little Turtle = war chief) give up lots Old Nw. (inc. most Indiana & Ohio), Ind.s get $20,000, annual annuity $9,000, right to hunt lands ceded, and hope for recognition of sovereign status ; un= relationship but Ind.s feel U.S. w/ some limits of ability to decide fate Ind. peoples | ||
| 3 go-betweens, Fr. spokesmen, demand loan 32 million florins & bribe $250,000 to talk w/ Talleyrand, no assurances settlement, negotiate & Amer.ns rise up, Marshall become hero for steadfastness; illustration pg. 203~America being plundererd by Fr.men as John Bull looks in amusement from across Eng. Channel |
