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| central to the integrated functioning of the whole plant | ||
| work together to transfer water, minerals, and sugars | ||
| the arrangement of leaves on a stem, is specific to each species | ||
| affected by the leaf area index, the ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows | ||
| Roots and the hyphae of soil fungi that form symbiotic associations | ||
| is regulated by selective permeability | ||
| Most solutes pass through __________ __________ embedded in the cell membrane | ||
| __________ __________ in plant cells create a hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work. They contribute to a voltage known as a membrane potential | ||
| In the mechanism called __________ a transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute to the active transport of another | ||
| responsible for the uptake of the sugar sucrose by plant cells | ||
| determines the net uptake or water loss by a cell and is affected by solute concentration and pressure | ||
| a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure. It determines the direction of movement of water. Water flows from regions of high to low __________ __________ | ||
| Water potential is abbreviated as Ψ and measured in units of pressure called __________. Ψ = 0 MPa for pure water at sea level and room temperature | ||
| proportional to the number of dissolved molecules. Also called osmotic potential | ||
| is the physical pressure on a solution | ||
| the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast | ||
| increases water potential | ||
| decreases water potential | ||
| If a __________ cell is placed in an environment with a higher solute concentration, the cell will lose water and undergo __________ | ||
| If the same flaccid cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration, the cell will gain water and become __________ | ||
| Turgor loss in plants causes __________, which can be reversed when the plant is watered | ||
| transport proteins in the cell membrane that allow the passage of water. The rate of water movement is likely regulated by phosphorylation of these | ||
| directly controls the traffic of molecules into and out of the protoplast and is a barrier between two major compartments, the cell wall and the cytosol | ||
| The third major compartment in most mature plant cells, it occupies as much as 90% or more of the protoplast's volume | ||
| In most plant tissues, the cell wall and cytosol are continuous from cell to cell, this cytoplasmic continuum is called the __________ | ||
| The cytoplasm of neighboring cells is connected by these channels | ||
| the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces | ||
| Transmembrane route, Symplastic route, and the Apoplastic route | ||
| out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell | ||
| via the continuum of cytosol | ||
| via the cell walls and extracellular spaces | ||
| Efficient long distance transport of fluid requires __________ __________, the movement of a fluid driven by pressure. Efficient movement is possible because mature tracheids and vessel elements have no cytoplasm, and sieve-tube elements have few organelles in their cytoplasm | ||
| occurs near root tips, where the epidermis is permeable to water and root hairs are located | ||
| the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex. It surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue | ||
| blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder | ||
| the evaporation of water from a plant's surface | ||
| Water is replaced by the bulk flow of water and minerals, called __________ __________ from the steles of roots to the stems and leaves | ||
| Happens at night, when transpiration is very low, root cells continue pumping mineral ions into the xylem of the vascular cylinder, lowering the water potential Water flows in from the root cortex | ||
| the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves | ||
| facilitated by cohesion of water molecules to each other and adhesion of water molecules to cell walls | ||
| maintained by the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism | ||
| generally have broad surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios. These characteristics increase photosynthesis and increase water loss through stomata | ||
| Occur due to changes in turgor pressure | ||
| internal clocks regulated on 24-hour cycles | ||
| can lower the temperature of a leaf and prevent denaturation of various enzymes involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes. Done through transpiration | ||
| plants adapted to arid climates. They have leaf modifications that reduce the rate of transpiration. Some plants use a specialized form of photosynthesis called crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) where stomatal gas exchange occurs at night | ||
| The products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem by the process of __________ | ||
| an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose. It travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink | ||
| an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves | ||
| an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb. A storage organ can be both a sugar sink in summer and sugar source in winter | ||
| modified companion cells that enhance solute movement between the apoplast and symplast | ||
| requires active transport in most plants | ||
| enable the cells to accumulate sucrose | ||
| a living tissue and is responsible for dynamic changes in plant transport processes | ||
| can change in permeability in response to turgor pressure, cytoplasmic calcium levels, or cytoplasmic pH | ||
| can cause plasmodesmata to dilate | ||
| allows for rapid electrical communication between widely separated organs | ||
| A communication that helps integrate functions of the whole plant |
