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| 121778718 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. (p. 379) | 0 | |
| 121778719 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. (p. 382) | 1 | |
| 121778720 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. (p. 372) | 2 | |
| 121778721 | Cervantes | Wrote new classics for Spain. (p. 371) | 3 | |
| 121778722 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. (p. 382) | 4 | |
| 121778724 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to Western Europe in 15th century;i credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. (p. 371) | 5 | |
| 121778726 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun. (p. 377) | 6 | |
| 121778727 | Marianne Ehrmann | Used her journal to suggest men might be partly blame for women's lowly position. (p. 384) | 7 | |
| 121778728 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. (p. 356) | 8 | |
| 121778729 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance. (p. 371) | 9 | |
| 121778730 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, in 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. (p. 380) | 10 | |
| 121778731 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. (p. 376) | 11 | |
| 121778732 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. (p. 373) | 12 | |
| 121778733 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. (p. 379) | 13 | |
| 121778734 | Mary Wollstonecraft | (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political right should extend to women. (p. 384) | 14 | |
| 121778735 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. (p. 372) | 15 | |
| 121778736 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia. (p. 372) | 16 | |
| 121778737 | 95 Theses | Propositions; nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. (p. 372) | 17 | |
| 121778738 | Denis Diderot | Multifaceted leader of the French Enlightenment; traveled foreign courts as advisor and visiting intellectual; wrote widely on philosophy, mathematics, and psychology of deaf-mute sand also tried his hand at literature. (p. 383-384) | 18 | |
| 121778739 | William Shakespeare | Renaissance writer in England; mixed classical with earthiness; created a new set of classics. (p. 371) | 19 | |
| 121778740 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church. (p. 372) | 20 | |
| 121778743 | Encylopaedia Britannica | Leading writers and compilations of scientific and philosophical findings. (p. 384) | 21 | |
| 121778744 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. (p. 379) | 22 | |
| 121778745 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of sturdy that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages. | 23 | |
| 121778746 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. (p. 382) | 24 | |
| 121778747 | Witchcraft Persicution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in the death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas. (p. 376) | 25 | |
| 121778748 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual and rights of possession to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. (p. 373) | 26 | |
| 121778750 | Rabelais | Renaissance writer in France; mixed classical themes with earthiness. (p. 371) | 27 | |
| 121778751 | Predestination | Prior determination of those who will be saved. (p. 372) | 28 | |
| 121778752 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. (p. 373) | 29 | |
| 121778754 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. (p. 395) | 30 | |
| 121778755 | Protestantism | General wave of dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. (p. 372) | 31 | |
| 121778756 | Isaac Newton | (1643-17270 English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astromical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity. (p. 377) | 32 | |
| 121778760 | Northern Reniassance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. (p. 371) | 33 | |
| 121778762 | René Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. (p. 377) | 34 | |
| 121778763 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disapproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was the center of the universe. (p. 376) | 35 |
