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| 177563038 | Principia | Isaac Newton's book that explained the universal law of gravitation, and described the combination of the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Newton was an English mathematician and philosopher; used mathematics to explain the natural sciences and philosophy. Spoke of the 3 laws of motion, which are still taught today. The use of a universal mathematical language to describe the nature of the world around them was a big push in the scientific revolution. Written in Latin, "Mathematica Principia" or "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". | 0 | |
| 177563039 | absolute monarchy | Rulers (king, queen, or tsar) exercise supreme power of government; power usually inherited; ruler has complete and unlimited power to rule. Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. | 1 | |
| 177563040 | Enlightenment | an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society | 2 | |
| 177563041 | Western growth and exploration | European nations sought more options for trade, land, raw materials, and wealth | 3 | |
| 177563042 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 4 | |
| 177563043 | British East India Company | Joint-stock (government and private) company, Britain's system of entering India and setting up a worldwide trading port. Originally the motives behind this company were purely economic- that is, Britain wanted to use the raw materials in India in order to make a profit. Eventually Britain would realize the power it could achieve in attaining political, as well as economical control of India, and moved further in their imperialist attempts. British Parliament gave them authority to rule in India as they saw fit in 1848. They even had their own army which they made from locals. | 5 | |
| 177563044 | Ivan III | Ivan the Great; overthrew the Mongols ruling Russia and moved capital to Moscow; built framework for absolute rule; limited power of boyars (nobles); first ruler of the independent state called Russia, claimed it was the "Third Rome" | 6 | |
| 177563045 | Ivan IV | also known as Ivan the Terrible. confirmed power to tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars/ aristocrats. continued policy of Russian expansion. established contacts with western European commerce and culture. He earned his nickname by killing many of the Russian nobles, or boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy. | 7 | |
| 177563046 | Third Rome | Ivan the Great's claim that Moscow, Russia was the successor state to Rome and Byzantine Empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox Church in Russia following fall of Constantinople (second Rome) in 1453 to the Turks | 8 | |
| 177563047 | Time of Troubles | Period of disorder in Russia when there were disputes over succession, peasant uprisings, and foreign invasions; followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars (nobles) attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613, which began the Romanov dynasty that would rule 300 years until Bolshevik revolution in 1917. | 9 | |
| 177563048 | Romanov | Tsarist Russian dynasty (1610-1917) founded by Mikhail Romanov ending the Time of Troubles, and finally ending with Nicholas II in 1917 Bolshevik revolution | 10 | |
| 177563049 | Peter the Great | Russian reformer who modernized Russia and its army, introduced Western ideas, and ruled as an absolute monarch. He moved the capital city from Moscow to St. Petersburg, which was a warm water port on the Baltic Sea. 7 feet tall, traveled to Europe | 11 | |
| 177563050 | Catherine the Great | empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, encouraged art, literature etc and greatly expanded Russia to become a major power | 12 | |
| 177563051 | Jannissaries | elite Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century | 13 | |
| 177563052 | Safavid | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (now Iran) between the 16th and 18th centuries. Together with the Ottomans and Mughals, they form the three "Gunpowder Empires" in what Islamicists consider the late medieval period. | 14 | |
| 177563053 | Mughal | (1526-1857) Muslim empire in India. Claimed descent from both Genghis Khan and Tamerlane; empire was founded by Babur and expanded under his grandson Akbar. Persian form of the word "Mongol" | 15 | |
| 177563054 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 16 | |
| 177563055 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and stopped the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 17 | |
| 177563056 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the MIddle Passage of the Triangular Trade. | 18 | |
| 177563057 | Triangular Trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America; sugar, tobacco and raw materials transported to Europe; trade goods from Europe to Africa | 19 | |
| 177563058 | French Revolution | The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the Bourbon king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | 20 | |
| 177563059 | Robespierre | French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial. | 21 | |
| 177563060 | Napoleon | A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean. | 22 | |
| 177563061 | Bismarck | German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898); The chief minister of Prussia's king, he masterminded the unification of Germany through military aggression and nationalist appeals | 23 | |
| 177563062 | Opium War | 1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. | 24 | |
| 177563063 | Crimean War | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed; Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 25 | |
| 177563064 | Russo-Japanese War | 1904-1905 conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Theodore Roosevelt helped negiotate a peace treaty, and recieved a Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Japan's surprising defeat of Russia established it as a new military power to be respected and was first time an Asian nation defeated a European nation | 26 | |
| 177563065 | Emancipation of the serfs | Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained | 27 | |
| 177563066 | Lenin | founded the Bolshevik Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. | 28 | |
| 177563067 | Bolshevik | "majority"; political faction that followed Lenin, overthrew the tsarist monarchy, and eventually became the Russian communist party | 29 | |
| 177563068 | Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953), ruled until the Cold War after WWII | 30 | |
| 177563069 | Balfour Declaration | British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI | 31 | |
| 177563070 | Great Depression | a severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II. | 32 | |
| 177563071 | Hitler | German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust; ended Germany's post-WWI economic problems, unemployment, and the depression by public works projects and rearmament programs | 33 | |
| 177563072 | Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. | 34 | |
| 177563073 | Mussolini | Italian fascist dictator; founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people. | 35 | |
| 177563074 | Churchill | British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II | 36 | |
| 177563075 | Iron Curtain | Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. | 37 | |
| 177563076 | Gandhi | political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests | 38 | |
| 177563077 | Satyagraha | "Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe nonviolent resistance, peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence from Britain. | 39 | |
| 177563078 | Khrushchev | Stalin's successor as head of the Communist Party; denounced Stalin; was more open in his dealings with the West and less menacing; also not was paranoid and secretive as Stalin; was said to believe in peaceful coexistence with the West and challenged the west in economic rather than military competition; helped Fidel Castro in Cuba. | 40 | |
| 177563079 | Gorbachev | last leader of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991), during fall of Berlin Wall. Wanting reform, he renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, pulled troops out of Afghanastan, supported Glasnost, and urged perestroika; but all this failed; made many reforms that gave people more freedom | 41 | |
| 177563080 | Sun Yat-sen | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925 | 42 | |
| 177563081 | Chiang Kai-Shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788) | 43 | |
| 177563082 | Mao Zedong | Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789) | 44 | |
| 177563083 | Zhou Enlai | pragmatic and moderate prime minister under Mao Zedong who served faithfully throughout Mao's tenure and would have been his successor but died a few months before him. | 45 | |
| 177563084 | Deng Xiaoping | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. | 46 | |
| 177563085 | Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese communist leader who fought the Japanese in World War II, the French until 1954, and the U.S. supported South Vietnam until 1969 | 47 | |
| 177563086 | Dien Bien Phu | Most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954; gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam and forced the French to leave | 48 | |
| 177563087 | demography | the scientific study of population characteristics | 49 | |
| 177563088 | cultural diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another | 50 |
