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| 169915048 | Industrial Revolution | The period when there was change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power. | 0 | |
| 169915049 | Spanish-American War | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence | 1 | |
| 169915050 | Boxer Rebellion | A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. | 2 | |
| 169915051 | Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 3 | |
| 169915052 | Decembrists | Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early nineteenth-century; Revolt crushed by Nicholas I (1825) | 4 | |
| 169915053 | Meiji Restoration | followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. Emperor restored to power. | 5 | |
| 169915054 | opium wars | war between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges | 6 | |
| 169915055 | revolution of 1911 | With the death of Empress Dowager Ci Xi, Henry Pu Yi (an infant) became the "last emperor". Followers of Sun Yat-sen launched a revolt. Too weak to form a new government they turned to General Yaun Shigai, who controlled the army. He would serve as president of the new Chinese republic. This revolt is known as the... | 7 | |
| 169915056 | revolution of 1905 | a historical term describing a wave of political terrorism, strikes, peasant unrests, mutinies, both anti-government and undirected, that swept through vast areas of the Russian Empire, leading to the establishment of the State Duma of the Russian Empire, multi-party system and the Russian Constitution of 1906. | 8 | |
| 169915057 | self-strenghening movement | 1861-1895. A period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. | 9 | |
| 169915058 | Taiping Rebellion | The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 10 | |
| 169915059 | Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa | 11 | |
| 169915060 | Scramble for Africa | When many European countries all rushed into Africa in an attempt to gain lands for themselves. | 12 | |
| 169915061 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | 13 | |
| 169915062 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law | 14 | |
| 169915063 | Napoleonic Code | This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy | 15 | |
| 169915064 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 16 | |
| 169915065 | The communist manifesto | a short 1848 book written by Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. One of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Presents an analytical approach to class struggle, and the problems of capitalism. | 17 | |
| 169915066 | The wealth of nations | written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics | 18 | |
| 169915067 | treaty of nanking | Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. | 19 | |
| 169915068 | Origin of the Species | Written by Charles Darwin, a scientific literature which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. | 20 | |
| 169915069 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 | 21 | |
| 169915070 | Suez canal | Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. | 22 | |
| 169915071 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | 23 | |
| 169915072 | federalists system | A central government that has certain powers, with the state as the basic unit of political power. | 24 | |
| 169915073 | Nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. | 25 | |
| 169915074 | cult of domesticity | emphasizing the role of good homemaker, it made the home a woman's special sphere. | 26 | |
| 169915075 | laissez-faire | policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy. | 27 | |
| 169915076 | Utopian socialism | A term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thoughts. | 28 | |
| 169915077 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | 29 | |
| 169915078 | Great Leap Forward | China's second five-year plan under the leadership of Mao Zedong, it aimed to help the economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialitst society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960. | 30 | |
| 169915079 | scientific racism | the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races. | 31 | |
| 169915080 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | 32 | |
| 169915081 | Chiang Kai-Shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. | 33 | |
| 169915082 | Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. | 34 | |
| 169915083 | Adolf Hitler | This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. | 35 | |
| 169915084 | Mustafa Kemal | Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938) | 36 | |
| 169915085 | Alexander dirensky | (1881-1970) A major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917. | 37 | |
| 169915086 | John Maynard Keynes | British economist who thought deficit spending would create jobs and stimulate the economy. | 38 | |
| 169915087 | VI Lenin | led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia. | 39 | |
| 169915088 | Mao Zedong | This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life. | 40 | |
| 169915089 | Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. | 41 | |
| 169915090 | Joseph Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) | 42 | |
| 169915091 | Leon Trotsky | Lead the Bolsheviks of Russian along side Lenin. He was a spellbinding revolutionary orator and independent racial Marxist, who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power by convincing the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee and make him its leader. His soldiers joined with the Bolsheviks to overtake members of the provisional government and win the vote of the Congress of soviets. He was also leader of the Red Army in the civil war. | 43 | |
| 169915092 | Salvador Allende | President of Chile from 1970 to 1973, a member of the Socialist Party, he attempted to institute a number of democratic reforms in Chilean politics. He was overthrown and assassinated in 1973 during a military coup lead by General Augusto Pinochet. | 44 | |
| 169915093 | Fulgencio Batista | He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets. | 45 | |
| 169915094 | Lazaro Cardenas | President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry | 46 | |
| 169915095 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) | 47 | |
| 169915096 | Charles de Gaulle | French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970) | 48 | |
| 169915097 | WEB Dubois | He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP. | 49 | |
| 169915098 | Mohandas Ghandi | 1869-1948. Major spiritual and political leader of India and the Indian Peace Movement. Known as "Father of The Nation" in India for his defiance of British government and success in civil rights movement. Lead famous Dandi Salt March in opposition of British Salt Tax. | 50 | |
| 169915099 | Che Guevera | an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. | 51 | |
| 169915100 | Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) | 52 | |
| 169915101 | Samuel Huntington | American revolutionary leader who signed the Declaration of Independence and was president of the Continental Congress (1731-1796) | 53 | |
| 169915102 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) | 54 | |
| 169915103 | Ruhollah Khomeini | Iranian religious leader who denounced the government. Leader of the Iranian revolution. | 55 | |
| 169915104 | Nelson Mandela | South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) | 56 | |
| 169915105 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). | 57 | |
| 169915106 | Kwame Nkrumah | Worked to remove British imperialists from Africa; became the first Prime Minister of Ghana | 58 | |
| 169915107 | Juan Peron | President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. | 59 | |
| 169915108 | Augusto Pinochet | A Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power in a coup d'etat. | 60 | |
| 169915109 | Franklin Roosevelt | President of the US during Great Depression and World War II | 61 | |
| 169915110 | Getulio Vargas | Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. | 62 | |
| 169915111 | Sadam Hussein | The old leader of Iraq who was put on trial for genocide, and crimes against human rights. | 63 | |
| 169915112 | Nikita Krushchev | Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions. | 64 | |
| 169915113 | Vladimir Putin | elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track. | 65 | |
| 169915114 | Boris Yeltsin | President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign. | 66 | |
| 170718448 | Weimar Republic | The republic established in Germany from 1919-1933. It was a parliamentary democracy, with elements of a parliamentary government, and elements from a democracy government. This governmental system failed, because it suffered from hyperinflation, war payments owed, and many humiliated by the treaty of Versailles. It was created after the WWI in Weimar, Germany, and was overthrown by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. | 67 |
