Terms : Hide Images
| 98209534 | agricultural village | a farming-based settlement; relatively small in population | 0 | |
| 98209535 | fertile crescent | a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 1 | |
| 98209536 | sumer | A region of city-states in Mesopotamia that was home to the first civilization. | 2 | |
| 98209537 | sargon of akkad | A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire. | 3 | |
| 98209538 | gilgamesh | the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality. This is a Sumerian legend and is believed to be the first story | 4 | |
| 98209539 | ziggurat | an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower | 5 | |
| 98209540 | pictograms | the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas | 6 | |
| 98209541 | cuneiform | Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets | 7 | |
| 98209542 | ideograms | pictures that symbolize an idea or action | 8 | |
| 98209543 | code of hammurabi | set of laws that dealt with business practices, property ownership, medical practice, marrige, and childcare | 9 | |
| 98209544 | shang dynasty | Dynasty in china that established the mandate of heaven. | 10 | |
| 98209545 | ma'at | Principle of truth, morality, justice, and order | 11 | |
| 98209546 | pyramid | Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom | 12 | |
| 98209547 | old kingdom | the age of pyramids. when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement | 13 | |
| 98209548 | middle kingdom | no more pyramids, pharoh had less power, & they traded with outside countries | 14 | |
| 98209549 | aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system | 15 | |
| 98209550 | caste system | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity | 16 | |
| 98209551 | babylonians | they extended their own empire and therefore helped bring civilization to the Middle East; Hammurabi introduced his code of law; it established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes | 17 | |
| 98209552 | hittites | People who were among the first to master ironworking, meaning they could make the strongest weapons of the time. They also used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle which allowed soldiers to move quickly around a battlefield and fire arrows at their enemy. | 18 | |
| 98209553 | zhou dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism | 19 | |
| 98209554 | oracle bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | 20 | |
| 98209555 | sage kings | Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. | 21 | |
| 98209556 | anyang | the ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty | 22 | |
| 98209557 | mandate of heaven | In chinese history, the belief the rulers had the gods approval to rule | 23 | |
| 98209558 | nubia | East African trading empire that developed south of Egypt on the Nile River | 24 | |
| 98209559 | olmecs | priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion | 25 | |
| 98209560 | teotihuacan | an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas, first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". | 26 | |
| 98209561 | maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 27 | |
| 98209562 | moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 28 | |
| 98209563 | chimu | powerful lowland kingdom in Andes; irrigation systems, capital city Chanchan, had well defined social order | 29 | |
| 98209564 | chavin | First major urban civilization in South America. Capital is de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Has 2 distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills. | 30 | |
| 98209565 | nok culture | An African culture that existed around 500 BCE in Northern Nigeria. They lived along the Niger river and produced terra cotta sculptures. | 31 | |
| 98209566 | zapotecs | Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) -- developed own writting system, architecture modified | 32 | |
| 98209567 | hegemony | dominance, especially of one political body over another | 33 | |
| 98209568 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 34 | |
| 98209569 | oligarch | One of several people who rule a country or empire together, sharing the power. | 35 | |
| 98209570 | indo-european | A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia | 36 | |
| 98209571 | assyrians | known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 37 | |
| 98209572 | hatshepsut | first and only woman to serve as a pharoah, life peaceful at home (no wars) wore mens clothing and the false beard, improved trading, and built many temples & obelisks | 38 | |
| 98209573 | triumvirate | In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government. | 39 | |
| 98209574 | julius caesar | Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic. | 40 | |
| 98209575 | satrapy | the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor | 41 | |
| 98209576 | zoroastrianism | dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity | 42 | |
| 98209577 | minoans | a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of Crete from about 2000-1400 BC | 43 | |
| 98209578 | mycenaeans | first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy | 44 | |
| 98209579 | polis | Greek city-state | 45 | |
| 98209580 | dominance | superior development of one side of the body | 46 | |
| 98209581 | athens | Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture. | 47 | |
| 98209582 | democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 48 | |
| 98209583 | solon | abolished debt slavery and freed slaves. limited land allowed to be owned and extended citizenship. stopped the sale of grain. citizens gained more power | 49 | |
| 98209584 | hoplite | a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece. | 50 | |
| 98209585 | peloponnesian war | a war between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 b.c., that resulted in the transfer of hegemony in Greece from Athens to Sparta. | 51 | |
| 98209586 | alexander the great | son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world | 52 | |
| 98209587 | hellenistic | Describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great | 53 | |
| 98209588 | cyrus the great | A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world | 54 | |
| 98209589 | hyksos | the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes. | 55 | |
| 98209590 | new kingdom | The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. | 56 | |
| 98209591 | akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66) | 57 | |
| 98209592 | pax romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 58 | |
| 98209593 | punic wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 59 | |
| 98209594 | plebian | an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic | 60 | |
| 98209595 | paterfamilias | male dominance in the family | 61 | |
| 98209596 | octavian augustus | Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome | 62 | |
| 98209597 | mark antony | Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide | 63 | |
| 98209598 | cleopatra VII | Ruler of egypt 51-30BC, mistress of Caesar, mother of Caesarion (Ptolemy XV). After Cesar's asassination, Cleopatra became the mistress of the Roman general Marc Antony. | 64 | |
| 98209599 | battle of actium | battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. | 65 | |
| 98209600 | stoicism | Human reason is the source of virtue, perfection, and happiness | 66 | |
| 98209601 | constantine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159) | 67 | |
| 98209602 | edict of milan | a ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire. | 68 | |
| 98209603 | oligarchy | a system of government in which a small group holds power | 69 | |
| 98209604 | warring states period | the period from 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC when regional warlords battled amongst eachother and there was no ruler | 70 | |
| 98209605 | legalism | Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality. | 71 | |
| 98209606 | daoism | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural event | 72 | |
| 98209607 | han dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization | 73 | |
| 98209608 | liu bang | helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor | 74 | |
| 98209609 | wudi | ruled the chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; made confusionism the state religion | 75 | |
| 98209610 | yellow turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic | 76 | |
| 98209611 | qin dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 77 | |
| 98209612 | qin shi huangdi | qin ruler; wanted to unify china; known for his book burning; not popular, scholars and poor people hated him; built great wall to protect china | 78 | |
| 98209613 | confucius | He taught that people are basically good, should be tolerant of others and respect the elderly. | 79 | |
| 98209614 | indo-aryans | a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages | 80 | |
| 98209615 | brahmin | A priest who held the highest position in Aryan society. | 81 | |
| 98209616 | chandragupta maurya | He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 82 | |
| 98209617 | mauryan empire | 185 BCE, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India | 83 | |
| 98209618 | siddartha guatama | the first Buddha who set forth the Four Noble Truth, The Middle Way to Nirvana, and The Eight-fold Path. | 84 | |
| 98209619 | gupta empire | Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism | 85 | |
| 98209620 | chandra gupta I | (r. 320-330) Established the Gupta Empire but came form no historical background. He married a princess of the powerful Licchaui lineage and named himself after the founder of the Mauryan Empire. | 86 | |
| 98209621 | hunas | The group who attacked the Guptas, leading to their fall. | 87 | |
| 98209622 | monsoon | a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter | 88 | |
| 98209623 | asoka | grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death | 89 | |
| 98209624 | vedas | sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests | 90 | |
| 98209625 | hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 91 | |
| 98209626 | brahmanas | The second of four ancient hymns which deals with directions about performances of ritual sacrifices to deities | 92 | |
| 98209627 | upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 93 | |
| 98209628 | dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 94 | |
| 98209629 | karma | In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life | 95 | |
| 98209630 | siddhartha gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 96 | |
| 98209631 | four nobel truths | 1) all human life involves suffering and sorrow 2) Desire for a life of pleasure material gain causes suffering 3) renouncing desires frees people from suffering, helps Nirvana 4). 8-fold path leads to reincarnation, or denial of desire + attainment of Nirvana | 97 | |
| 98209632 | nirvana | in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment | 98 | |
| 98209633 | mahayana | one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone | 99 | |
| 98209634 | stupa | large stone mounds over the bones of Buddist holy people | 100 | |
| 98209635 | theravada | The remaining orthodox school of Buddhism, which adheres closely to the earliest scriptures and emphasizes individual efforts to liberate the mind from suffering | 101 | |
| 98209636 | bodhisattva | a Bodhisattva is anyone who is motivated by compassion and seeks enlightenment not only for him/herself but also for everyone | 102 | |
| 98209637 | jainism | a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics. | 103 | |
| 98209638 | mahavira | is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism | 104 | |
| 98209639 | kami | one the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature) | 105 | |
| 98209640 | tanakh | the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings | 106 | |
| 98209641 | torah | holy book of judaism | 107 | |
| 98209642 | abraham | founder of Judaism | 108 | |
| 98209643 | diaspora | the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture) | 109 | |
| 98209644 | augustine | influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination | 110 | |
| 98209645 | arianism | early teaching of the church that was heretical by saying that Jesus was not God but created by God | 111 | |
| 98209646 | clovis | under his rule, the Franks became Christians and created one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe | 112 | |
| 98209647 | gregory I | Pope who broadened power of pope to include political power. | 113 | |
| 98209648 | monasticism | a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith(monk) | 114 | |
| 98209649 | paul of tarsus | A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him. | 115 |
